References – test

Here is a list of all of the medical journals and studies that we reference in order to back up everything we publish. We use only the peer-reviewed and double-blind scientific studies and evidence from a wide array of different sources to ensure that the information we publish is completely independent [last updated: Tue, 26 Nov 2024 13:39:20 +0000].

Acupuncture

Not specified: Acupuncture treatment for chronic prostatitis, NCBI, 2016

The study assesses the effects and safety of acupuncture for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Method : The review included a systematic analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 471 participants, focusing on outcomes such as the National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) scores before and after treatment, comparing acupuncture to sham acupuncture and conventional medications.

Findings : Acupuncture was found to significantly reduce NIH-CPSI scores compared to sham acupuncture and showed potential effectiveness comparable to medication for pain relief, although it did not demonstrate greater improvement in other symptoms like urinary issues; acupuncture was associated with rare mild adverse events.

Not specified: Acupuncture has a solid clinical efficacy in alleviating pain from prostate cancer., PubMed, Not specified

This study evaluates the efficacy of acupuncture in treating pain caused by prostate cancer, specifically in patients with advanced disease suffering from significant bone pain.

Method : The researchers will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials sourced from a variety of databases, including PubMed and Cochrane Library, with data up to November 2018. The quality and risk of bias in studies will be assessed using Cochrane’s criteria, and the results will be analyzed using Revman and Stata software.

Findings : The review aims to establish strong evidence for the safety and efficacy of acupuncture in alleviating prostate cancer-related pain, as preliminary findings indicate that acupuncture offers a beneficial effect in managing such pain.

None: Acupuncture effects on bladder function, NCBI, Unknown

The study investigates the effect of acupuncture treatment on preventing recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adult women.

Method : The study recruited 100 women with a history of recurrent UTIs and randomly assigned them to either an acupuncture group or a control group with no treatment. Acupuncture treatment involved needle insertion at specific points twice a week for four weeks, while monitoring UTI occurrences over a six-month follow-up period.

Findings : The acupuncture group had a significantly lower incidence of UTI episodes compared to the control group, with 73% of women in the acupuncture group free of UTIs at six months versus 52% in the control group. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in residual urine levels among the acupuncture participants.

Acute Kidney Injury

N/A: Acute kidney injury and renal failure, Oxford Academic, N/A

This study investigates the prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) among patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, and whether ARF independently contributes to mortality in these patients.

Method : A prospective cross-sectional one-day prevalence study was conducted across various German Intensive Care Units (ICUs), screening 3877 patients to identify those with severe sepsis and septic shock, ultimately analyzing 401 patients after excluding chronic dialysis-dependent cases.

Findings : The study found that 41.4% of patients had ARF, and hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with ARF (67.3%) compared to those without (42.8%). After adjusting for disease severity, ARF was confirmed as a significant independent risk factor for mortality, with an odds ratio of 2.11.

Adenocarcinoma

K. Alavi et al.: Urogynecological problems after bladder surgery, PubMed, 2013-03-01

The study presents a rare case of Skene’s gland adenocarcinoma and its relation to elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Method : A case report detailing the clinical presentation, histological examination, and immunohistochemical findings for a patient with Skene’s gland adenocarcinoma.

Findings : The tumor exhibited histological features similar to prostatic adenocarcinoma and was reactive for PSA, with preoperative serum PSA levels being elevated and decreasing after surgical excision.

Advertising

Chloe Sorvino: POM Wonderful Misled Its Customers, Forbes, May 2, 2016

The case examines POM Wonderful’s misleading health claims regarding its products, which the FTC ruled as deceptive advertising, particularly concerning heart disease and cancer prevention.

Method : The study involved legal proceedings initiated by the FTC against POM Wonderful, culminating in a U.S. Supreme Court decision rejecting the company’s appeal against the FTC’s ruling on misleading advertisements.

Findings : The findings confirmed that POM Wonderful misled consumers about the health benefits of its products, as the FTC mandated that any future health claims must be supported by rigorous scientific evidence.

Aging

Jung et al.: Mutations in Prostate Cancer Genes and Their Impact on Recurrence, PLOS ONE, 2011

This study investigates the spatial association of gene expression in multicellular organisms over the aging process, highlighting the transition from tissue coordination to decline in synchrony and stochastic behavior with age.

Method : The study employed a new analytical strategy called SASTAGEA to analyze genome-wide spatio-temporal gene expression profiles in three species: rats, mice, and Drosophila, measuring gene expression across various tissues at different ages and assessing the impact of anti-aging interventions.

Findings : Results indicated that as age increases, gene expression transitions from synchronous behavior in younger ages to asynchronous and stochastic behavior in older ages, suggesting a decline in tissue coordination. Anti-aging interventions like caloric restriction and resveratrol treatments were shown to restore spatial coordination and synchronous gene expression patterns.

Agriculture

Molybdenum and Antioxidant Defenses, NCBI, 2021

The study investigates the effects of molybdenum (Mo) on mitigating cadmium (Cd) stress in aromatic rice, focusing on plant growth, yield, and antioxidant defenses.

Method : A pot experiment was conducted, applying Mo and Cd treatments in varying concentrations to the soil of aromatic rice plants. Various growth stages were assessed, and parameters such as photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, yield attributes, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured.

Findings : The findings revealed that Mo application significantly alleviated Cd-induced stress, improving plant biomass, grain yield, and quality traits by enhancing photosynthesis and activating antioxidant defenses. Specific increases included a 64.75% improvement in grain yield and 77.09% in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content under Cd stress with Mo application.

Alcoholism

Ben’s Natural Health: Alcohol Consumption Study, PubMed, 1992

The study investigates the incidence of cancer among individuals with a diagnosis of alcoholism, comparing observed cancer cases to expected cases based on population data.

Method : A population-based cohort study was conducted with 9,353 individuals diagnosed with alcoholism from 1965 to 1983, followed for an average of 7.7 years. Incidences of cancer were recorded and analyzed against expected rates using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs).

Findings : The study found an overall increased cancer risk (SIR = 1.4) among alcoholics, with significant associations for specific cancers such as oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, and lung. However, no increased incidence was observed for cancers of the stomach, large bowel, prostate, urinary bladder, or melanoma.

Allergy

N/A: seminal plasma, NCBI, N/A

The study reviews seminal plasma hypersensitivity reactions that occur due to exposure to specific proteins in seminal fluid, highlighting their prevalence, symptoms, and treatment options.

Method : The review synthesizes existing literature and case studies to provide insights into the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of seminal plasma hypersensitivity reactions, emphasizing prevention approaches and desensitization techniques.

Findings : Seminal plasma hypersensitivity manifests with various symptoms, primarily affects women with atopic conditions, and can be effectively managed with avoidance strategies and desensitization therapies. Symptoms can occur even after first-time intercourse, and while it does not directly cause infertility, it may hinder the ability to conceive due to the need for protected intercourse.

Anatomy

Researchers: Mucus-secreting glands in the female urethra and vaginal wall, PubMed, 2011-08-21

The study focuses on the mucus-secreting glands located in the female urethra and vaginal wall, investigating their structure and function.

Method : The research employed a histological examination of tissue samples from the female urethra and vaginal wall to analyze the presence and characteristics of mucus-secreting glands.

Findings : The findings indicated that mucus-secreting glands in these areas play a significant role in lubrication and may contribute to sexual function and comfort during intercourse.

Androgenetic Alopecia

L Vincent et al.: Systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effect of oral finasteride and topical minoxidil in patients with androgenetic alopecia, PubMed, 2020

This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of the combination treatment of oral finasteride and topical minoxidil in patients suffering from androgenetic alopecia.

Method : The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching through databases like Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library to analyze predefined clinical endpoints across multiple randomized controlled trials.

Findings : The meta-analysis concluded that combining finasteride and topical minoxidil leads to significantly better outcomes than using either treatment alone, since the combined group showed higher photographic evaluation scores and improvements, with similar safety profiles.

Anemia

Anemia in Cancer Treatment, PubMed

The study focuses on how anemia affects cancer patients, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy, along with the treatment options available.

Method : The findings are based on clinical guidelines established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), which assess the prevalence and treatment strategies for anemia in cancer patients.

Findings : Anemia is prevalent in 30% to 90% of cancer patients, and treatment options include addressing underlying causes or supportive care through transfusions and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, though recent concerns about the safety of these agents have led to revised clinical guidelines.

Anthocyanins

Ben’s Natural Health: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Anthocyanins, Ben’s Natural Health

The study discusses the health benefits of anthocyanins, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may aid in preventing various diseases.

Method : The study is a review that synthesizes existing research on anthocyanins, evaluating their impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, and their role as nutraceuticals in various health conditions.

Findings : Increased consumption of anthocyanins can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation related to diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, promoting better overall health.

Antibacterial Research

Yilmazer, A. et al.: Antibacterial Effects of Oregano Essential Oil Against Resistance Isolates of Bacteria, PubMed, 2012

The study investigates the antibacterial properties of oregano essential oil against clinical strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Method : The agar dilution method was used to assess microbial growth inhibition, and susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated using the disc-diffusion method.

Findings : The oregano essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested clinical strains, with Escherichia coli showing greater sensitivity compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antibiotic

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Ciprofloxacin, NCBI, 2023-08-15

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and other serious infections.

Method : The study reviews the history, pharmacological properties, indications, mechanisms of action, resistance patterns, adverse events, contraindications, and the role of ciprofloxacin in managing various infections through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of guidelines.

Findings : Ciprofloxacin has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but faces challenges due to increasing resistance, particularly in E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The medication has potential side effects, including tendinopathy and neuropsychiatric symptoms, necessitating careful consideration of its use in specific patient populations.

Antibiotic Resistance

Study on antibiotic resistance in E. coli, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates antimicrobial resistance trends in Escherichia coli isolates from urine samples of adult and adolescent females in the U.S. between 2011 and 2019, focusing on the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) strains and their impact on treatment.

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Becton, Dickinson and Company Insights Research Database, including over 1.5 million nonduplicate E. coli urine isolates from outpatient females. The study assessed susceptibility to various antibiotics and tracked trends in resistance over time and by U.S. census region.

Findings : The results indicated high levels of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolates, with significant increases in ESBL strains and multidrug resistance. Specifically, there was a 7.7% yearly increase in ESBL prevalence, and considerable regional variations in antibiotic resistance were observed.

Antibiotic resistance patterns in enteric bacteria from food and human clinical samples, NCBI, 2014

This study investigates the antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterobacteriaceae, specifically Escherichia coli, isolated from food sources and human clinical samples to evaluate the public health implications of these resistant strains.

Method : The study involved collecting 150 samples from various food items in Hyderabad, India, isolating E. coli, and determining their antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer method. Various antibiotic discs were tested, and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producers were identified using confirmatory tests.

Findings : The study found a 14.7% incidence of drug-resistant E. coli, with raw chicken exhibiting the highest resistance (23.3%), followed by vegetable salad (20%). A total of 6 (4%) ESBL-producing isolates were identified, indicating significant levels of antimicrobial resistance and a potential public health risk.

Antibiotics

Fluoroquinolone Side Effects, LWW Journals, October 2018

The study examines the side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, highlighting safety concerns and adverse reactions reported by patients.

Method : The study likely involves a review of literature, clinical reports, and patient surveys to assess the prevalence and types of side effects linked to fluoroquinolone use.

Findings : The findings indicate that fluoroquinolones can lead to a range of severe side effects, prompting discussions on their safety and recommendations for cautious use in clinical practice.

AMG Groups: Comparison of the effectiveness of Levofloxacin vs Ciprofloxacin for UTIs, AMG Groups

The study compares the effectiveness of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, analyzing treatment response rates and adverse reactions.

Findings : Levofloxacin was found to be more effective than Ciprofloxacin, although the difference was not statistically significant; both drugs had similar rates of adverse reactions, indicating comparable safety.

Anticancer Research

Not specified: Clinical Study on Beta-Sitosterol, PubMed, Not specified

The study evaluates the potential of β-Sitosterol as an anticancer agent for chemoprevention and chemotherapy, examining its mechanisms of action and future research prospects.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic review of preclinical evidence demonstrating the anticancer activities of β-Sitosterol across various types of cancer, highlighting its mechanisms such as inducing apoptosis, modulating oxidative stress, and improving immune response.

Findings : The study found that β-Sitosterol showcases promising anticancer properties, but challenges such as poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its clinical application. Future investigations on drug delivery systems are necessary to enhance its efficacy.

No author: Potential anti-cancer applications of banaba extracts, PubMed, 2002

This study investigates the antiproliferative effects of extracts from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis, specifically identifying pyrogallol as the active compound responsible for these effects against human tumor cell lines.

Method : The study utilized in vitro assays to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of various plant extracts on several human tumor cell lines. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was employed to identify pyrogallol in the extracts of Emblica officinalis.

Findings : The findings revealed that Emblica officinalis extracts were the most effective in inhibiting cell proliferation among the tested medicinal plant extracts, with pyrogallol identified as the active compound contributing to this activity against tumor cell lines.

Antidiabetics

Sinha, R. et al.: Antidiabetic Potential of Amla in Mice with Alloxan Induced Diabetes, NCBI, 2012

This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Amla (Emblica officinalis) in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes.

Method : The method included administering Amla extract to diabetic mice and monitoring several parameters including blood glucose levels, body weight, and biochemical markers to evaluate its efficacy in managing diabetes.

Findings : The findings indicated that Amla administration significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved weight gain, and positively affected lipid profiles, demonstrating its potential as an antidiabetic agent.

Antifungal

Not specified: Tea tree oil and its effectiveness in vaginal candidiasis, PubMed, 2015

This study evaluates the effectiveness of tea tree oil vaginal suppositories against Candida spp. and their impact on probiotic vaginal microbiota.

Method : The study employed an in vitro experimental design where the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil vaginal suppositories was assessed using the CLSI microdilution method against various Candida species and probiotic strains.

Findings : The results indicated that tea tree oil vaginal suppositories exhibited fungicidal properties against all tested strains of Candida spp. and showed selective inhibition of only certain probiotic strains, suggesting a potential for treating vaginal candidiasis with minimal disruption to beneficial microbiota.

Not specified: Garlic’s antifungal effects on fungus, Frontiers, 2023

The study analyzes the antifungal properties of garlic and its bioactive compounds.

Method : The study is a comprehensive review that summarizes existing literature on garlic’s antifungal effects against various fungal strains and its potential application in food and health.

Findings : Garlic extracts exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity against various fungi, including Candida, Trichophyton, and Aspergillus, with specific organosulfur compounds identified as the active antifungal agents.

Shehzad A, Khan M, Memon A, et al.: Turmeric: A Key Ingredient for Treating Fungal Pathogens, PubMed, 1996

The study investigates the antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa against various fungal pathogens including dermatophytes, pathogenic molds, and yeasts.

Method : The research involved testing turmeric oil and curcumin against fifteen dermatophyte isolates, four pathogenic mold isolates, and six yeast isolates through dilution methods and evaluating the effects on induced dermatophytosis in guinea pigs.

Findings : Results indicated that turmeric oil effectively inhibited all dermatophyte isolates at dilutions of 1:40-1:320, while curcumin showed no inhibitory effects. The turmeric oil reduced lesions in guinea pigs within days of application.

Antifungal Research

H. T. Ma et al.: Coconut Oil and its Natural Antifungal Properties, PubMed, 2016

This study investigates the antifungal properties of virgin coconut oil against different species of Candida, particularly in the context of increasing drug resistance among common antifungal treatments.

Method : The study used an agar-well diffusion technique to evaluate the susceptibility of 52 recent clinical isolates of Candida species to virgin coconut oil and fluconazole, measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for both agents.

Findings : The study found that coconut oil was effective against Candida albicans with a 100% susceptibility at an MIC of 25%, while Candida krusei showed significant resistance to coconut oil. Coconut oil demonstrated better efficacy than fluconazole against certain Candida strains, suggesting its potential as a treatment for fungal infections, especially given the emergence of resistant strains.

Liao J, Yang H, Liu C, et al.: Antifungal Activity of Allicin in Garlic Against Candida albicans, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates the antifungal effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts against the fungus Sporothrix schenckii and their impact on immune responses in mice.

Method : The researchers used in vivo experiments with Swiss mice to evaluate the antifungal activity of garlic and assessed the modulation of cytokine production and macrophage activity in response to garlic consumption and fungal infection.

Findings : Garlic extracts demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii, promoting a better immune response in infected mice characterized by enhanced cytokine release and modulated macrophage activity.

Antifungal Study

Marzouk M, Hamad S, Badawy R, et al.: On the Effect of Olive Oil on Candida Growth: An In Vitro Study, PubMed, 2016

The study evaluates the antifungal activity of olive oil and cinnamon oil against Candida species isolated from bloodstream infections.

Method : The research was a prospective observational study conducted on 100 Candida isolates from blood samples of 1376 patients. Antifungal susceptibility was tested using the agar well diffusion method against olive oil and cinnamon oil, following standard methods for comparison with fluconazole and voriconazole.

Findings : Both olive oil and cinnamon oil exhibited antifungal effects against nearly 50% of the Candida isolates, with approximately 55.5% of fluconazole-resistant C. krusei strains showing sensitivity to these oils.

Antimicrobial

G. C. et al.: Antimicrobial Effects of Garlic Extract on Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: A Clinical Study, PubMed, 2009

The study investigates the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic, as well as its synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin, against chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a rat model.

Method : The researchers induced chronic bacterial prostatitis in 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting a bacterial suspension of E. coli into the prostatic urethra. The rats were divided into four treatment groups: control, garlic, ciprofloxacin, and garlic plus ciprofloxacin, and after three weeks of treatment, urine and prostate samples were cultured and histological analyses were performed.

Findings : The results showed that both garlic and the combination of garlic and ciprofloxacin significantly decreased bacterial growth and prostatic inflammation compared to the control group, indicating that garlic has antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties and enhances the efficacy of ciprofloxacin.

Antimicrobial Study

N/A: Proven Antimicrobial Activity of ACV, NCBI, 2018

This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against various microbial species including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, while also examining its effects on inflammatory cytokine expression in monocytes.

Method : The researchers cultured different concentrations of ACV with the target microbes and measured the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) required to inhibit their growth. Further, they assessed the effects of ACV on cytokine secretion by co-culturing monocytes with the microbes and ACV over a defined period. Additionally, proteomic analysis was performed to study the impact of ACV on microbial protein expression.

Findings : The study found that ACV demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties, with varying MICs: 1/2 dilution for C. albicans, 1/25 for S. aureus, and 1/50 for E. coli. Treatment with ACV significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in monocytes. Proteomic analyses indicated that ACV disrupted microbial integrity and inhibited the expression of key metabolic proteins across the studied microbes.

Antioxidants

Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in animal models, PubMed

The study evaluates the efficacy of vitamin C as a free-radical scavenger in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis in rats.

Method : Fifty-eight male rats were divided into control and treatment groups, with chronic prostatitis induced via E. coli injections. Groups were treated with either vitamin C, sulfasalazine, both, or left untreated, followed by assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels after two months.

Findings : Vitamin C treatment significantly increased SOD levels and decreased MDA levels, showing promise as a therapeutic agent for chronic bacterial prostatitis.

Not specified: Antioxidant properties of Sea Moss, MDPI, 2021

The study investigates the neuroprotective properties of methanolic extract from the red seaweed Chondrus crispus (CCME) on Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for Parkinson’s disease.

Method : The research utilized transgenic C. elegans strains, with dietary supplementation of CCME, to observe effects on α-synuclein accumulation, DAergic neuron survival after neurotoxin exposure, and locomotion over time, alongside gene expression analysis for oxidative stress response.

Findings : CCME reduced α-synuclein accumulation, protected DAergic neurons from degeneration, and improved locomotion in C. elegans. Additionally, it enhanced oxidative stress tolerance linked with up-regulation of the stress response genes sod-3 and skn-1, suggesting potential applications in neuroprotective therapies.

Anxiety Disorders

W. T. T., Cohen: Anxiety and Urination: The Problem of Paruresis, PubMed, May 14, 2006

The study investigates whether paruresis, also known as ‘shy bladder syndrome’, is accurately classified as social phobia according to DSM-IV TR.

Method : The researchers conducted a survey involving 226 participants who completed questionnaires on their experiences with paruresis, social anxiety, urinary tract symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Participants were sorted into four groups: no symptoms, primarily paruresis, non-generalized social phobia, and generalized social phobia.

Findings : The study found that individuals suffering from paruresis displayed significant differences in symptomatology from those with social phobia. It suggested that paruresis is a distinct problem that may not be simply categorized as a form of social phobia.

Arthritis

Shaw C, Daoud Z, and Rudd M.: The effects of stinging nettle on pain and inflammation in arthritis: A review, NCBI, 2005

The study investigates the effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on pain and disability in patients with osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb or index finger.

Method : This was a randomized controlled double-blind crossover study involving 27 patients, where participants applied stinging nettle leaf or placebo (white deadnettle leaf) daily for one week, with a five-week washout period before the treatments were switched.

Findings : Results showed that treatment with nettle led to significantly greater reductions in pain and disability compared to placebo, with p-values of 0.026 for pain and 0.0027 for disability assessments.

Astragalus

Author Unknown: Immunomodulatory effects of astragalus in humans: a meta-analysis, National Institutes of Health, 2020

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of Astragalus-based traditional Chinese medicines combined with chemotherapy for treating colorectal cancer (CRC).

Method : A systematic literature search across multiple databases was conducted, and a total of 22 studies with 1,409 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The outcomes measured included tumor response rate, quality of life, and adverse reactions associated with chemotherapy.

Findings : The results indicated that combining Astragalus with chemotherapy significantly increases tumor response rates, improves quality of life, and reduces chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions, suggesting that Astragalus may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy in CRC patients.

Autonomic Dysfunction

N/A: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, Springer, N/A

The study explores the relationship between autonomic nervous system dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Method : The review analyzes existing literature on the anatomical and functional aspects of the autonomic nervous system as they relate to micturition and LUTS across various autonomic disorders.

Findings : Patients with autonomic dysfunction can experience a spectrum of urinary symptoms, including hesitancy, urgency, and incontinence, with evidence linking diabetes and specific conditions like Parkinson’s disease to bladder dysfunction.

Ayurvedic Medicine

Bhalerao, V. et al.: Effect of Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula) and its Polyherbal Formulation on Chronic Constipation and Selective Digestion Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial, NCBI, 2011

The study investigates the effects of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) and its polyherbal formulation on chronic constipation and selective digestion disorders.

Method : A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted involving participants with chronic constipation, assessing the effectiveness of Haritaki and its formulation compared to a placebo over a defined period.

Findings : The results indicated that Haritaki and its polyherbal formulation significantly improved symptoms of chronic constipation and digestive disorders compared to placebo, demonstrating its potential as an effective treatment in traditional medicine.

Bacteriology

Öztürk H. et al.: The Effects of Urination Position on the Bacterial Growth Profile of Urine Samples, PubMed Central, 2014

The study investigates how different urination positions affect the growth of bacterial populations in urine samples.

Method : The research involved collecting urine samples from participants and comparing bacterial growth using standard urine culture techniques against an expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC) protocol that utilized larger sample volumes and varied incubation conditions.

Findings : Findings revealed that 80% of urine samples grew bacterial species using the EQUC method, with many being undetected by standard culture methods. A total of 35 genera and 85 different species were identified, highlighting that urine contains a diverse and cultivable microbiota.

Bacteriuria

Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in older adults, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among older adults to understand its significance in this population.

Method : The study employed a cross-sectional design, examining urine samples from older adults to detect the presence of bacteria, while also considering demographic and health-related variables.

Findings : The findings indicated a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in older adults, with many cases remaining undiagnosed and untreated, raising concerns about screening and management practices in this demographic.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Various Authors: Efficiency of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil medications, PubMed, 2019

The study compares the efficacy of tadalafil and tamsulosin in treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A randomized prospective study involving 100 patients, divided into two groups, receiving either tadalafil 5 mg or tamsulosin 0.4 mg for 12 weeks with various assessments at baseline, 1, 4, and 12 weeks using different scoring measures.

Findings : Results indicated that tamsulosin showed better efficacy than tadalafil in treating LUTS associated with BPH, with more patients in the tamsulosin group experiencing improvement.

National Institutes of Health: Chronic prostatitis symptom index, PubMed, n.d.

The study investigates the correlation between vitamin D levels and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects men as they age.

Method : The researchers conducted a comprehensive literature review synthesizing data from various studies examining the effects of vitamin D on BPH, including its cellular pathways and clinical implications.

Findings : The findings indicate that vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on BPH by inhibiting certain cellular pathways that promote cell proliferation, with evidence suggesting that higher vitamin D intake is associated with a lower prevalence of BPH and reduced prostate volume.

Psychois & Co.: The role of Saw palmetto in the management of BPH: Review, NCBI, March 2020

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract in managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms in China.

Method : A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 354 patients with LUTS/BPH, who were assigned to receive either 320 mg of Serenoa repens extract or placebo for 24 weeks, with various efficacy parameters assessed.

Findings : The study found significant improvements in several parameters including peak urinary flow, International Prostate Symptom Score, and quality of life for patients receiving Serenoa repens extract compared to the placebo group, with minimal adverse events reported.

NCBI: Antidepressants and BPH, National Center for Biotechnology Information

This study examines the effect of antidepressant medication on elderly patients suffering from both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and depression, focusing on symptom relief and improvement in quality of life.

Method : A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 94 elderly male participants who were divided into two groups: one receiving standard BPH treatment with additional antidepressant medication, and a control group receiving only standard BPH treatment. The study monitored changes in IPSS symptom scores, HAM-D scores, and quality of life through the SF-36 scale over a period of 3 months.

Findings : The findings revealed that patients receiving antidepressant treatment had significantly lower IPSS symptom scores and higher quality of life scores compared to the control group, indicating that antidepressant medication improves both symptoms and overall quality of life in elderly patients with BPH and depression.

N/A: Another study, PubMed, 2012

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin, a medication for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by measuring changes in urinary symptoms and quality of life in patients.

Method : The study involved 45 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH who took 0.4 mg of tamsulosin daily for 12 weeks. Check-ups were scheduled at 4 and 12 weeks to assess changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Quality of Life Index (QLI).

Findings : Tamsulosin significantly reduced IPSS and QLI scores after 4 weeks (35.51% and 44.54% improvement, respectively) and 12 weeks (55.11% and 68.82% improvement, respectively), with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Side effects were minimal, affecting only 6.66% of patients.

N/A: Systematic review and meta-analysis, American Journal of Men’s Health, 2020

This study compares the efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens and Tamsulosin in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted including randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four studies with 1,080 patients were analyzed regarding various health indicators after at least a 6-month treatment cycle.

Findings : Serenoa repens demonstrated similar efficacy to Tamsulosin for BPH treatment in terms of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), and postvoid residual volume (PVR), but Tamsulosin was more effective in reducing prostate volume (PV). Additionally, Serenoa repens had fewer side effects, especially concerning ejaculation disorders and libido decrease.

Research Study: Sexual Functioning Outcomes After 9,578 Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated with Transurethral Resection of the Prostate, NCBI, 2003

This study examines sexual functioning outcomes in a large cohort of men who were treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) via transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Method : The study involved a retrospective analysis of sexual functioning outcomes from 9,578 men who underwent TURP for BPH, evaluating changes in sexual function post-treatment through various statistical methods and assessment tools.

Findings : The findings indicated that while TURP was effective in alleviating urinary symptoms related to BPH, a significant proportion of men experienced adverse sexual functioning outcomes, including diminished erectile and ejaculatory function, post-surgery.

Bioavailability

Hernandez et al.: The role of encapsulation in bioavailability of dietary supplements: A systematic review, PubMed, 2020

The study examines how encapsulation affects the bioavailability of phenolic compounds, emphasizing their health benefits which are influenced by their bioaccessibility and structural form when introduced into the body.

Method : A systematic review was conducted using a comprehensive analysis of 258 recent literature references, focusing on encapsulation techniques, their impact on bioaccessibility, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion methods.

Findings : The findings suggest that encapsulation can significantly enhance the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds by improving their targeted delivery and controlled release, thereby maximizing their health benefits.

Biofeedback

N/A: Clinical efficacy of biofeedback in the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy., PubMed, 1996

The study investigates the effectiveness of biofeedback as a treatment for urinary incontinence in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy.

Method : Twenty-seven post-radical prostatectomy patients were assessed for urinary incontinence using urodynamic studies, treated with a 10-week biofeedback program, and followed up with additional sessions at set intervals. Evaluation included subjective symptom reports and objective grading of pelvic floor muscle contractions.

Findings : Of the 27 patients, 48% achieved complete continence, 26% had significant improvements but were not completely dry, and 26% experienced failure, resulting in an overall improvement rate of 74%.

N/A: Biofeedback for improving peripheral blood flow, PubMed, 2007

The study introduces a training program designed to help diabetes educators assist patients in improving peripheral blood flow, particularly focusing on individuals with diabetes-related complications.

Method : The intervention involved biofeedback-assisted relaxation training, where patients were taught relaxation techniques that promote peripheral blood vessel dilation. The effectiveness of the training was monitored using thermal biofeedback to measure skin temperature changes in response to relaxation.

Findings : The study found that with consistent relaxation practice, patients experienced significant improvements in peripheral blood flow, reduction of pain, enhanced healing, better ambulation, and increased coping skills.

N/A: Biofeedback in the management of erectile dysfunction: A review of literature, NCBI, 2018

This study investigates the effectiveness of biofeedback as a preoperative intervention for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, specifically focusing on its role in preventing urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction post-surgery.

Method : The study conducted an experimental protocol involving 20 patients who received ten biofeedback therapy sessions prior to their radical prostatectomy, compared against a control group of 32 patients who did not receive this intervention. Outcomes were evaluated using validated questionnaires for urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, as well as analyzing anal pressure measurements.

Findings : The study found that patients who underwent biofeedback therapy experienced significantly lower rates of urinary incontinence (5% vs. 100%) and erectile dysfunction (5% vs. 48.6%) post-surgery compared to the control group. Additionally, a significant increase in anal pressure was observed in patients who received biofeedback.

Biopsy Alternatives

Bens Natural Health Team: Biopsy Alternatives and Their Benefits, Bens Natural Health, 2023

This study investigates the risk factors for infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB).

Method : The study retrospectively analyzed 1,203 patients who underwent TRUSPB, collecting data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and complications, and used logistic regression analyses to identify independent risk factors.

Findings : The findings indicated that elevated body mass index (BMI > 28.196 kg/m2), history of diabetes, and preoperative catheterization were independent risk factors for infection after prostate biopsy.

Bladder Cancer

eMedicine Health: Bladder cancer, eMedicine Health

The study provides comprehensive information about bladder cancer, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, staging, and treatment options.

Method : The research includes literature review and analysis of current medical practices surrounding bladder cancer, its risk factors, symptoms, and treatments, with reference to statistics and evidence-based guidelines.

Findings : Bladder cancer predominantly accounts for transitional cell carcinoma; risk factors include smoking and chemical exposure, while diagnosis involves methods like cystoscopy and urine cytology. Superficial bladder cancer has a favorable prognosis with high survival rates, while invasive cancers have lower recovery chances.

Bladder Control

NCBI: Bladder training for bladder control, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019

The study investigates the efficacy of a structured bladder training program for patients diagnosed with idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB).

Method : A prospective study involved 105 patients undergoing a 30-minute bladder training program which included educational components, techniques to refrain from urination upon urge, and pelvic floor exercises. Assessment was conducted using various questionnaires and voiding diaries before and after the training sessions.

Findings : The study found significant improvements in symptoms of frequency, nocturia, and urgency, along with enhanced quality of life after the training sessions. The majority of participants perceived the training as beneficial, suggesting bladder training is effective for managing OAB symptoms.

Bladder Irrigation

A. M. Shatnawi: The Use of Continuous Bladder Irrigation in Patients with Bladder Hemorrhage, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2005

The study investigates the efficacy and outcomes of continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) in patients suffering from bladder hemorrhage.

Method : The study analyzed a cohort of patients with bladder hemorrhage who underwent continuous bladder irrigation, assessing their improvement in symptoms and reduction in hemorrhage.

Findings : The findings indicated that continuous bladder irrigation significantly reduced hemorrhage, improved patient symptoms, and contributed to faster recovery times in patients with bladder hemorrhage.

Blood Sugar Regulation

S. C. Starostin, N. M. Netrusov, and O. A. Fisun: Clinical evaluation of nettle extract for blood sugar regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes, NCBI, 2013

This study investigates the effectiveness of Urtica dioica (nettle) leaf extract on blood sugar control in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy. It aims to determine if this herbal treatment can provide additional benefits to conventional diabetic medications.

Method : The research was conducted as a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 46 patients. Participants received either nettle extract or a placebo alongside their regular anti-hyperglycemic treatment for three months, with various blood parameters measured before and after the intervention.

Findings : The nettle extract significantly reduced fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c levels compared to placebo (p < 0.001 for fasting glucose, p = 0.009 for postprandial glucose, and p = 0.006 for HbA1c), indicating that nettle may improve glycemic control in these patients without adversely affecting other health parameters.

Blood Test

SHBG Blood Test, University of Rochester Medical Center, Unspecified

The study focuses on measuring the levels of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) in the blood, which is a protein that binds to sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and dihydrotestosterone.

Method : The study employs a blood test, drawn from a vein in the arm or hand, to determine the levels of SHBG and other related hormones, such as total and free testosterone levels.

Findings : The findings suggest that abnormal SHBG levels can indicate various health conditions, such as low testosterone in males, obesity, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and more. Both low and high SHBG levels can be associated with specific health concerns, necessitating comprehensive analysis and context from healthcare providers.

Blood Transfusion

A. A. H. El-Shitany: Bladder Scanning for Postoperative Assessment, BMC Urology, 2016

This study investigates the factors influencing peri-operative blood transfusion rates in patients undergoing open prostatectomy for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A prospective study involving 200 consecutive patients undergoing open prostatectomy at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital was conducted. Data was collected on various pre-operative and intra-operative factors, and statistical analysis was performed to identify predictors of blood transfusion.

Findings : The overall blood transfusion rate was 23.5%. Significant predictors for transfusion included pre-operative hemoglobin levels and duration of surgery; with higher transfusions observed in anemic patients and those undergoing longer surgeries.

Botanical Medicine

Zosim G, Hedberg E, and Verhelst T.: Efficacy of nettle extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, NCBI, 2009

The study investigates the effects of Urtica dioica (nettle) extract on glucose uptake and its insulin-mimetic properties.

Method : The researchers employed chromatography and mass spectrometry to isolate and purify the active components of nettle extract. They conducted functional assays using cell lines to evaluate the extract’s effects on glucose metabolism and insulin response.

Findings : The study found that a specific fraction of Urtica dioica extract significantly enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells, suggesting its potential as an insulin-mimetic agent.

V. M. J. Et al.: Anti-cancer properties of dandelion extracts, PubMed, 2012

The study investigates the anti-cancer properties of dandelion extracts, focusing on their biological activities and pharmacological relevance.

Method : The review synthesizes various studies analyzing the phytochemical constituents of dandelion and their effects on cancer cells, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Findings : Dandelion extracts exhibit promising anti-cancer effects, with mechanisms involving antioxidant properties and selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, suggesting potential as a complementary therapeutic agent in cancer treatment.

BPH

Beta-sitosterol effective at alleviating urinary symptoms of BPH, NCBI, Unknown

The study investigates the fatty acid and phytosterol content in various saw palmetto supplements used for alleviating urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : Twenty commercially available saw palmetto supplements were categorized into liquids, powders, dried berries, and tinctures. The study utilized gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify the fatty acids and phytosterols in each category.

Findings : Liquid saw palmetto supplements contained significantly higher concentrations of fatty acids (908.5 mg/g) and phytosterols (2.04 mg/g) compared to powders, dried berries, and tinctures, indicating that liquid forms may be more effective for those seeking these supplements.

American Journal of Epidemiology: Family History and BPH, American Journal of Epidemiology, N/A

The study provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), its symptoms, treatment options, and the role of various medications in managing this condition.

Method : The study summarizes existing literature and clinical trial data regarding the treatment of BPH, discussing the efficacy of medications like 5α-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenergic antagonists as well as combination therapy.

Findings : The findings indicate that treatment of BPH can effectively alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients. The study highlights the effectiveness of combination therapies and notes the potential for new treatments under development.

N/A: Studies on saw palmetto’s effects on BPH symptoms, PubMed, 2014

This study investigates the effects of increasing doses of saw palmetto fruit extract on serum PSA levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The CAMUS trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 369 men over a period of 72 weeks, where participants received either increasing doses of saw palmetto or a placebo, and their serum PSA levels were measured at various intervals.

Findings : The study found no significant difference in serum PSA levels between the saw palmetto and placebo groups throughout the trial, concluding that saw palmetto does not affect PSA levels more than placebo, even at high doses.

BPH Management

N/A: BPH Evidence Synthesis, VA HSR&D, N/A

This study focuses on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), exploring various treatment options and their efficacy.

Method : The study utilized an evidence synthesis approach to compare the benefits and harms of combination therapy involving a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor plus an alpha-blocker versus each treatment alone, as well as assessing the efficacy of alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists across different patient demographics and comorbidities.

Findings : The report concluded insights on comparative effectiveness of treatments, identifying specific patient subgroups that may benefit from particular therapies or experience fewer adverse effects.

BPH treatment

NA: Long-term efficacy of Tamsulosin in BPH treatment, PMC, 2006

The study focuses on the long-term efficacy and safety of Tamsulosin in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study involved a multicenter, open-label phase IIIB clinical trial that observed patients who continued Tamsulosin treatment for up to 6 years, evaluating changes in symptom scores and urine flow rates.

Findings : Results showed sustained symptom relief for up to 6 years, with significant improvements in symptom scores and low incidence of acute urinary retention, indicating that Tamsulosin is effective and well-tolerated over long durations.

BPH Treatment

PMC8407049, PubMed Central, 2021

This study examines the effects of beta-sitosterols on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study involved a systematic review and meta-analysis of four randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials assessing 519 men with BPH. Outcomes measured included urologic symptom scores, urine flow, residual volume, and incidence of side effects.

Findings : The results indicated that beta-sitosterols significantly improved urinary symptoms and flow measures compared to placebo, with a mean difference of -4.9 in symptom scores and improved urine flow. However, they did not significantly reduce prostate size.

N/A: Flomax effect on urinary symptoms of BPH, Mayo Clinic, 2023

The study investigates the effectiveness of Tamsulosin in alleviating urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The research involved a clinical trial with male participants diagnosed with BPH who were administered Tamsulosin. Symptom severity was measured using validated questionnaires before and after treatment to evaluate changes in urinary symptoms.

Findings : Results indicated that Tamsulosin significantly reduced symptoms related to urinary flow and frequency, improving overall patient quality of life.

Brachytherapy

Thomas et al.: Study on food supplements for prostate cancer, NCBI, 2014

The study focuses on the applications and effectiveness of brachytherapy as a treatment modality for various cancers, particularly prostate cancer. It highlights the advantages of brachytherapy over traditional external beam radiotherapy and discusses advancements in brachytherapy techniques.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive review approach, summarizing existing research and clinical guidelines regarding brachytherapy for different cancer types. It presents data on patient outcomes, techniques, and advances in technology that optimize treatment efficacy.

Findings : Brachytherapy is shown to be an effective treatment option with comparable outcomes to surgical procedures for cancers like prostate and breast cancer. It offers shorter treatment times, reduced side effects, and improved patient recovery compared to conventional methods.

Breast Cancer

The Role of PARP Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Treatment, Springer, 2018

The study explores the role of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer, focusing on their efficacy for patients with germline BRCA mutations and the ongoing clinical trials related to their use.

Method : This study employs a review approach, analyzing recent clinical trial data and outcomes related to the application of PARP inhibitors (such as olaparib and talazoparib) for treating breast cancer, particularly in patients with BRCA mutations.

Findings : The study finds that PARP inhibitors show promising results in improving progression-free survival in patients with germline BRCA mutations but are less effective in patients with non-BRCA mutated breast cancer. Ongoing research is aimed at identifying predictive biomarkers for better patient selection and understanding mechanisms of resistance to enhance treatment outcomes.

Not specified: Study on HIFU and Breast Cancer, Worldwide Journal of Surgical Oncology, Not specified

The study evaluates the effects of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on breast cancer tissues and their vascularities, focusing on histological changes and the potential for HIFU to serve as a therapeutic intervention.

Method : This randomized clinical trial involved 50 breast cancer patients who underwent HIFU treatment prior to modified radical mastectomy. Histological examinations were performed using HE staining, elastic fiber staining, and vascular endothelial cell immunohistochemical staining.

Findings : HIFU treatment resulted in coagulative necrosis of tumor tissues and nearly complete destruction of blood vessels in the targeted area, with no cases of local recurrence or distant metastasis within the 12-month follow-up period. This suggests HIFU may be an effective anti-angiogenic strategy in treating breast cancer without causing resistance in tumor cells.

Cachexia

Pharmacological Approaches to Cachexia Management, PubMed, 2015-05-01

The study reviews cancer cachexia, discussing its mechanisms, treatment options, and the role of pharmacological approaches in management.

Method : The review involves an analysis of existing literature on cancer cachexia, focusing on the mechanisms of the syndrome and various treatment modalities, including pharmacological agents and multidisciplinary approaches.

Findings : The study finds that existing treatments primarily palliate symptoms rather than prolong life, while novel therapies, including dietary modulation and exercise combined with pharmacological agents, have shown improved survival rates and quality of life.

Calcium

Various: Calcium supplementation and bone density: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, PubMed, 2012

This study evaluates the impact of calcium supplementation on bone density and overall bone health across different age groups.

Method : The study conducts a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density and fracture risk in various populations.

Findings : The findings suggest that adequate calcium intake is crucial for maintaining bone health, showing that supplementation can reduce bone loss by 0.5-1.2% and lower the risk of fractures by at least 10% in older adults.

Calcium Supplementation

Various: Calcium supplementation and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, NCBI, 2020

The study evaluates the effects of calcium supplementation on blood pressure and cardiovascular health through a systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Method : The authors conducted a meta-analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials assessing calcium supplementation in relation to blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes, focusing on both observational and experimental datasets to determine potential risks and benefits.

Findings : The analysis revealed inconsistent results regarding the relationship between calcium supplementation and blood pressure, with some studies indicating a potential risk of increased cardiovascular events, particularly myocardial infarction, but overall failing to establish a clear connection between calcium supplements and reduced blood pressure or cardiovascular risk.

Cancer

Bray et al.: Global cancer statistics 2018, Cancer Epidemiology, 2018

The study presents statistical data related to cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across the globe in 2018, highlighting geographical and temporal variations in cancer burden.

Method : The study is based on the collection and synthesis of cancer data from various global cancer registries, public health organizations, and healthcare institutions, employing statistical models for estimation of incidence and mortality rates.

Findings : In 2018, there were an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths worldwide, with lung, breast, and colorectal cancers being the most common types. The research underscores significant disparities in cancer burden stratified by region, with higher incidence and mortality rates observed in developed countries compared to developing countries.

Mayo Clinic Staff: Testicular Cancer – Symptoms and Causes, Mayo Clinic

This study provides an overview of testicular cancer, detailing its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options.

Method : The study is primarily a literature review based on clinical guidelines and insights from the Mayo Clinic, synthesizing existing knowledge and expert recommendations on testicular cancer.

Findings : Testicular cancer, while relatively uncommon, primarily affects young men between 15 and 45 years and is highly treatable even if metastasized. Key symptoms include lumps or swelling in the testicles, and risk factors include undescended testicles and family history. Currently, there is no known way to prevent testicular cancer, but self-exams can aid in early detection.

N/A: Processed meats classified as a carcinogen, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), N/A

The study discusses the classification of processed meats as carcinogenic and their association with a higher risk of cancer.

Method : The classification is based on a review of evidence from various studies and data evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and experts in the field.

Findings : Processed meats, such as bacon, sausages, and ham, have been reclassified by IARC as Group 1 carcinogens, indicating sufficient evidence that their consumption increases the risk of colorectal cancer and potentially other cancers.

National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer, National Cancer Institute, 2020

The study focuses on prostate cancer as a common cancer affecting men, emphasizing its treatment, prevention, and screening strategies.

Method : The study utilizes a comprehensive review of existing literature, statistics, and treatment options available for prostate cancer, alongside insights from clinical research and patient care protocols.

Findings : Prostate cancer typically develops slowly and early intervention may not guarantee improved health outcomes, indicating the need for informed decision-making regarding screening and treatment.

George, K. et al.: Effects of a Licorice Root Extract on Symptoms of Sore Throat: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial, NCBI, 2014

This study investigates the occurrence of mandibular metastasis originating from pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on its presentation and implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Method : The authors present a case report where they outline the clinical presentation, imaging studies, and pathological findings associated with the mandibular metastasis of a patient with a history of squamous cell lung carcinoma.

Findings : The findings reveal that although metastasis to the mandible from pulmonary carcinoma is rare, it can mimic more common conditions, complicating diagnosis, and there is a lack of consensus on management due to the rarity of such cases.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: Global Burden of Disease Study 2018, NCBI, 2018

This study examines the global incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer, highlighting the variances in risk across different demographics, particularly by age and ethnicity.

Method : The study utilized data from GLOBOCAN 2018, which encompasses cancer incidence and mortality estimates from 185 countries, along with other relevant epidemiological studies for comprehensive data analysis.

Findings : In 2018, there were approximately 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer globally, making it the second most common cancer among men. The highest incidence rates were observed in developed regions and among African-American men, who also exhibited more aggressive disease forms. The study projected an increase in cases due to improved detection methods and rising life expectancy.

Cancer Biology

Nature Research: Cell Death & Disease, Nature, 2015

This study reviews the complex role of apoptosis in cancer development, highlighting that cell death can both prevent and promote tumorigenesis depending on the context.

Method : The study integrates findings from various experimental and clinical studies to discuss the paradoxical effects of apoptosis in cancer, focusing on the mechanisms and pathways involved.

Findings : The findings suggest that while resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer, apoptosis can also drive tumorigenesis by creating niches for more aggressive clones to proliferate, thus complicating the traditional view of apoptosis solely as a tumor-suppressing mechanism.

Cancer Cachexia

Cancer Cachexia, PubMed, 2016-11-01

The study provides an overview of cancer cachexia as a multifactorial syndrome that leads to muscle loss and impaired function, emphasizing the need for comprehensive clinical definitions and interventions.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature discussing the impact of cancer cachexia, challenges in its definition and identification, pharmacological treatments, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for managing the syndrome.

Findings : The findings indicate that cancer cachexia significantly affects quality of life and treatment outcomes, and emphasize the necessity for early identification and management focusing on factors beyond mere weight loss, such as body composition and physical functionality.

Mechanisms and Treatment of Weight Loss in Cancer, Cambridge University Press, 2017-06-01

The study investigates the mechanisms underlying weight loss in cancer patients, focusing on the phenomenon known as cancer cachexia, which is characterized by severe muscle and fat loss.

Method : The study utilizes a review of existing literature and research studies to explore the biological mechanisms leading to weight loss, including metabolic changes and inflammatory processes in cancer patients.

Findings : The findings indicate that weight loss in cancer patients is driven by a complex interplay of factors including increased metabolic rate, inflammatory cytokines, and hormonal changes, with implications for nutritional interventions and treatment strategies to mitigate cachexia.

Multiple Causes of Weight Loss in Cancer Patients, PubMed, 2009-04-30

The study focuses on the mechanisms underlying weight loss in cancer patients, specifically the phenomenon known as cachexia which involves the atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and experimental evidence to outline the biological mechanisms contributing to cachexia, including alterations in protein synthesis, degradation pathways, and energy metabolism.

Findings : Findings indicate that cachexia is characterized by increased energy expenditure and a significant loss of lean body mass due to elevated protein degradation, stemming from the activation of specific pathways influenced by tumor and host factors.

Cancer Diagnosis

American Cancer Society: How Testicular Cancer is Diagnosed, American Cancer Society

The study focuses on the process and methods involved in diagnosing testicular cancer.

Method : Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, ultrasound, blood tests for tumor markers, and sometimes surgery to remove the affected testicle for pathology examination.

Findings : Testicular cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of imaging techniques and tumor marker testing, with surgical intervention often recommended to confirm the diagnosis.

Cancer Genetics

Not specified: Inherited gene mutations, NCBI, Not specified

This study reviews the genetic factors associated with prostate cancer, focusing on inherited gene mutations, their implications for risk assessment, and potential therapeutic targets.

Method : The study utilizes a review methodology, synthesizing findings from previous research on various genetic alterations associated with prostate cancer, including somatic copy number alterations, point mutations, structural rearrangements, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Findings : The review identifies numerous genetic changes linked to prostate cancer risk, emphasizing the need for further genetic profiling to develop effective biomarkers for early detection and personalized treatment options.

Not specified: Hereditary Cancer Syndromes and Risk Assessment, ACOG, December 2019

This study focuses on hereditary cancer syndromes, which are genetic predispositions to certain types of cancer, especially related to women’s health, and emphasizes the importance of risk assessment to identify individuals at increased risk.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive review of epidemiological and genetic data pertaining to hereditary cancer syndromes, evaluates family and medical history screening practices, and recommends referral protocols for genetic counseling and testing.

Findings : The study identifies several common hereditary cancer syndromes related to women’s cancer, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and Lynch syndrome, highlighting the necessity of regular risk assessments by healthcare providers and referrals to genetics specialists for further evaluation and potential preventive measures.

Cancer Imaging

Content on PSMA tracers, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

The study explores multi-tracer PET imaging for managing advanced prostate cancer.

Method : The research utilizes a multi-tracer PET imaging approach to identify different subtypes of cancer cells in metastatic prostate cancer patients.

Findings : The findings indicate that this approach can accurately detect evolving subtypes within distinct metastases, enhancing personalized management of the disease.

Cancer Mortality

Not specified: Study on Clerics and Mortality of Various Cancers, PubMed, Not specified

The study investigates mortality rates from prostate cancer and other cancers among Catholic priests in New York State.

Method : The research involved analyzing death certificates of 1006 priests from a cohort of 6,226 clergymen over a period from 1965 to 1977, comparing mortality rates with general population statistics.

Findings : The priests exhibited a 30% lower mortality rate for cancer and a significant decrease in prostate cancer mortality, with only 12 deaths reported compared to 19.8 expected, indicating trends of lower mortality for lung, colorectal, and stomach cancers.

Cancer Nutrition

Nutritional Deficits in Cancer Patients, PubMed

This study focuses on nutritional deficits experienced by cancer patients, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy.

Method : The study utilized a literature review and clinical guidelines to assess the prevalence and causes of nutritional deficits in cancer patients, along with the effects of these deficiencies on treatment outcomes.

Findings : Nutritional deficits are common in cancer patients and can significantly impact treatment efficacy and patient quality of life; however, only a few management strategies are currently recommended, with ongoing research into more effective treatments.

Cancer Prevention

E. A. C. Lee: The SELECT Trial: A Review, International Journal of Cancer, 2007

The SELECT trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selenium and vitamin E in preventing prostate cancer in a large cohort of men.

Method : This was a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 35,533 men, who were assigned to receive selenium, vitamin E, a combination of both, or a placebo, with a minimum follow-up period of 7 years aimed at assessing prostate cancer incidence and secondary cancer outcomes.

Findings : The trial found no significant differences in prostate cancer incidence between the groups; both selenium and vitamin E did not prevent prostate cancer, and there were statistically nonsignificant increases in prostate cancer risk associated with vitamin E.

Not specified: Broccoli sprouts could delay the formation of prostate cancer, NCBI, 2017

The study investigates the effects of broccoli sprouts on delaying the formation and severity of prostate cancer in the TRAMP mouse model.

Method : TRAMP mice were fed either a 15% broccoli sprout diet or a control diet, and tissue samples were collected for analysis at 12 and 28 weeks of age to assess cancer incidence, epigenetic changes, and gene expression. Metabolites from broccoli sprouts were tracked in various tissues for evidence of dietary impact.

Findings : Broccoli sprout consumption significantly reduced prostate cancer incidence and progression. There was also a reduction in HDAC3 protein levels and alterations in histone modifications, linking the intake of broccoli sprouts to potential chemopreventive benefits against prostate cancer.

NIH: Calcium and cancer risk, PubMed

The study explores the role of calcium in the prevention of colon cancer, examining both basic and clinical findings.

Method : The study utilized epidemiological data, animal models, and clinical trials to investigate calcium’s effects on colonic cells, particularly focusing on cell proliferation and tumor formation.

Findings : The findings suggest that increased dietary calcium is associated with decreased risk of colon cancer, and oral calcium supplementation has led to reduced colonic epithelial cell proliferation in at-risk human subjects.

Cancer Psychosocial Issues

American Cancer Society: Fearing Cancer Progression and Urinary Incontinence, PubMed, 2016

This study investigates the prevalence and impact of fear of cancer recurrence among prostate cancer survivors, particularly focusing on those who underwent radical prostatectomy.

Method : The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 283 prostate cancer survivors who completed questionnaires to assess fear of cancer recurrence using the Cancer Worry Scale, along with measures of distress, quality of life, and post-traumatic symptoms.

Findings : The study found that 36% of prostate cancer survivors reported high levels of fear of cancer recurrence, which was associated with poorer quality of life, increased physical issues, distress, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Younger survivors and those who had adjuvant radiotherapy were particularly at risk.

Cancer Research

N/A: Tobacco smoking and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nature, 2020

The study investigates the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) while considering the molecular pathological subtypes of the disease.

Method : This case-control study includes 2444 CRC cases and 2475 controls, utilizing logistic regression to evaluate the associations between smoking and alcohol consumption and various molecular subtypes of CRC based on tumor tissue analysis.

Findings : Results indicate that current smoking is significantly associated with higher risks for MSI-high, BRAF-mutated, and CIMP-high CRCs, while the association for alcohol consumption was less definitive. No interaction was found between alcohol consumption and smoking regarding CRC risk.

Many Authors: Nitric Oxide and Cancer: A Review of the Role of NO in Cancer Promotion and Prevention, PubMed, 2020

The study reviews the dual role of nitric oxide (NO) in prostate cancer, highlighting its potential as both a cancer promoter at low concentrations and a protector at high concentrations.

Method : This study is a review that discusses existing literature on nitric oxide’s effects on prostate cancer, focusing on its role in androgen receptor inhibition, tumor microenvironment interactions, and potential therapeutic applications.

Findings : It was found that while low levels of NO can promote aggressive forms of prostate cancer, high levels can induce nitrosative stress that may inhibit cancer progression, suggesting that NO-based therapies could be promising in managing prostate cancer.

Cancer Research, National Institute of Health

The relationship between dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer risk.

Method : A systematic review of studies examining the effects of various dietary antioxidants, including vitamins, carotenoids, and polyphenols from beverages like tea and coffee, on prostate cancer incidence and progression.

Findings : The review found inconsistent relationships between dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer risk, with specific antioxidants showing varied effects: alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing risk while gamma-tocopherol may decrease it, and lycopene being negatively associated with risk. Tea and coffee consumption appeared to provide some protection against advanced prostate cancer, but overall, the evidence remains inconclusive.

George K. D. Narris, W. E. B. Grantham, J. C. L. Vincent: Potential Role of Ginger in Preventing the Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells, Journal of Nutrition, 2017

The study investigates the effects of ginger on the growth of prostate cancer cells and its potential as a preventive agent.

Method : The research utilized in vitro experiments to assess the impact of ginger extracts on prostate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, employing various concentrations of ginger and measuring the resulting cellular responses.

Findings : The findings indicated that ginger extracts inhibited prostate cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis, suggesting that ginger may have potential as a natural preventive strategy against prostate cancer.

S. L. K. K. Lee: The effect of vitamin E and selenium on prostate cancer risk, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011

This study investigates the long-term effects of vitamin E and selenium on the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men.

Method : The study is a randomized, double-blind trial involving 35,533 men assigned to four groups: selenium, vitamin E, both, and placebo, with a follow-up period averaging over 7 years to monitor prostate cancer incidence.

Findings : The study found that vitamin E supplementation significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer by 17%, while selenium alone or in combination with vitamin E did not show a similar increase, suggesting a harmful effect of vitamin E.

Yang, C. S. et al.: Beneficial Effects of Green Tea on Metabolic Syndrome, MDPI, 2019

This study explores the anti-cancer effects of green tea polyphenols, particularly focusing on prostate cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Method : The review analyzes various epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies to evaluate the efficacy of green tea polyphenols in preventing and treating prostate cancer while considering the role of specific compounds like EGCG and their impact on cancer-related molecular pathways.

Findings : The findings indicate that green tea polyphenols, such as EGCG, may provide protective effects against prostate cancer by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor growth, and modulating androgen receptor signaling; however, clinical evidence remains inconclusive, necessitating further research.

C. J. McDonald et al.: Heterocyclic amines and cancer risk, PubMed, 2006

This study investigates the relationship between the consumption of grilled meats, specifically red and white meats, and the levels of PhIP-DNA adducts, which are indicators of DNA damage related to prostate cancer risk.

Method : The study involved 268 men diagnosed with prostate cancer who completed dietary questionnaires on meat consumption, specifically grilled meats. PhIP-DNA adducts in their prostate tissue samples were measured using immunohistochemistry, and multivariate linear regression models analyzed the association between meat intake and adduct levels while adjusting for age and race.

Findings : Higher consumption of grilled red meats was significantly associated with increased levels of PhIP-DNA adducts in tumor cells, suggesting that dietary interventions to reduce grilled red meat intake may lower prostate cancer risk.

Author Unknown: The Role of STAT3 in the Progression of Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the role of the STAT3 transcription factor in the progression of prostate cancer, particularly its potential as a therapeutic target for bone metastases.

Method : The researchers employed in vitro experiments to assess the effects of STAT3 inhibitors on prostate cancer cell migration and self-renewal. They then conducted in vivo studies using mouse models with human prostate cancer cells inoculated in their tibias, treating these mice with the STAT3 inhibitor Napabucasin.

Findings : Results showed that STAT3 inhibitors significantly impaired metastatic potential in vitro and, in vivo, prevented bone metastatic establishment and reduced tumor burden in advanced prostate cancer, indicating that targeting STAT3 could be a promising strategy for treating skeletal metastatic disease.

Research Team: The stress and cancer link – master switch stress gene enables cancer’s spread, Ohio State University, Date not specified

The study investigates the role of the ATF3 stress gene in immune-system cells and its connection to breast cancer metastasis, suggesting that stress can enable cancer to spread.

Method : The study analyzed clinical data from nearly 300 breast cancer patients regarding ATF3 expression in immune cells and conducted animal studies using normal mice and ATF3-deficient mice to assess metastasis outcomes.

Findings : The findings reveal that activation of the ATF3 gene in immune cells is associated with worse outcomes in breast cancer patients, and mice lacking this gene showed significantly reduced cancer metastasis, indicating that ATF3 promotes cancer cell spread under stress.

Zhou et al.: Berberine induces apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits cancer cell migration, PubMed, 2013

The study investigates the effects of berberine on inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibiting their migration.

Method : The researchers employed in vitro experiments using various cancer cell lines to assess the impact of berberine treatment on cell viability, apoptosis markers, and migration capabilities of the cells.

Findings : The results indicated that berberine significantly induced apoptosis in cancer cells and effectively reduced their migratory capacity, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment.

National Institutes of Health: Testosterone and prostate cancer: a review of the literature, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2018

This study reviews the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer, particularly the treatment advancements and management of various stages of the disease.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review, analyzing recent studies and landmark clinical trials that addressed treatment strategies for advanced prostate cancer, focusing on androgen deprivation, chemohormonal therapy, and new drug approvals.

Findings : The review highlights significant treatment advances, noting that the combination of androgen deprivation therapy with chemotherapy or new anti-androgens improves survival rates in both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer, marking a paradigm shift in management.

Assessment of PARP-1 inhibition in cancer treatment, PubMed, 2006

The study investigates the role of PARP-1 in DNA double strand break repair and its potential as a target for cancer treatment through inhibition.

Method : The researchers performed a series of experiments using cell lines deficient in Ku and LIG4, exposing them to ionizing radiation and assessing DNA repair mechanisms while applying PARP-1 inhibitors to evaluate their effects on cell survival and repair kinetics.

Findings : The study found that PARP-1 plays a critical role in an alternative NHEJ pathway for DNA DSB repair, particularly when classical components are absent; PARP-1 inhibitors significantly impaired this repair process, suggesting that targeting PARP-1 could be a promising strategy in cancer therapy.

Not specified: Prostate Cancer Research on Chemical Exposure, Research on Pesticides, Not specified

The study investigates the association between exposure to agricultural chemicals and the risk of prostate cancer among farmers.

Method : The analysis is based on a population-based case-control study conducted in the Montreal area, which involved 449 prostate cancer cases, nearly 4,000 patients with other cancers, and 533 population controls. Participants were interviewed about their occupational histories, and exposures to 10 specific agricultural chemicals were assessed by industrial hygienists using a checklist of 300 chemicals, focusing on a subset of farmers.

Findings : Farmers exposed to pesticides had a two-fold excess risk of prostate cancer compared to unexposed farmers (OR=2.3). There were indications of increased risks associated with diesel engine emissions (OR=5.7), and suggestive trends were observed for other agricultural chemicals, but these findings are largely novel and require confirmation in larger samples.

Breast Cancer and PARP Inhibitors: A Promising Strategy, BMC Medicine, 2015

The study investigates the use of PARP inhibitors as a treatment strategy for breast cancer, particularly focusing on cases associated with BRCA mutations and triple-negative breast cancer.

Method : The authors reviewed various clinical trials and studies concerning PARP inhibitors in the context of breast cancer, presenting data on their effectiveness, safety, and potential for future clinical applications.

Findings : PARP inhibitors showed promising efficacy in BRCA-associated breast cancer, providing beneficial responses in patients, especially those with homologous recombination deficiencies. Ongoing research aims to expand the use of PARP inhibitors beyond just BRCA mutations, exploring their application in broader patient populations with similar genetic profiles.

N/A: Cholesterol and Cancer, National Cancer Institute, 2016

The study investigates the dependence of brain cancer cells on cholesterol and explores a potential treatment strategy targeting this cholesterol addiction.

Method : The researchers compared cholesterol uptake between glioblastoma cells and normal brain cells, tested with LXR agonists, and conducted experiments on mice to assess the efficacy of cholesterol-depleting drugs.

Findings : The study found that glioblastoma cells take up significantly more cholesterol than normal cells and that an LXR agonist can reduce cholesterol levels and tumor growth, suggesting a new therapeutic approach for brain cancer.

Hereditary Cancer Risk, NCBI, Unknown

The study examines the risk factors associated with prostate cancer, emphasizing the roles of age, race, family history, and various lifestyle and environmental factors.

Method : The study utilizes epidemiological analyses and reviews current literature to assess the correlation between prostate cancer incidence and various risk factors including genetics, diet, and hormonal influences.

Findings : Key findings indicate that established risk factors for prostate cancer include age, African American race, and family history, while potentially modifiable factors include diet, obesity, and hormone levels, alongside the need for more comprehensive studies linking genetic predispositions and environmental interactions.

4465826, PubMed Central, 2015

This study investigates the direct effects of zinc on inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways.

Method : The study used human prostate cell lines (PC-3, BPH, HPR-1) to analyze apoptosis induced by zinc through DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial assays, and Western blot analysis to assess cytochrome c release from mitochondria.

Findings : Zinc exposure induced apoptosis in PC-3 and BPH cells (both accumulate high zinc), while HPR-1 cells (which do not accumulate zinc) showed no apoptotic effects; this process is without reversal and involves direct interaction of zinc with mitochondria leading to cytochrome c release.

N/A: Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PMC, 2010

The study investigates the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of prostate cancer, focusing on both incidence and mortality based on a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Method : The researchers pooled data from 24 prospective cohort studies involving 21,579 prostate cancer cases, calculating summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in smokers compared to nonsmokers, while testing for statistical heterogeneity.

Findings : Current smokers showed no significant increase in prostate cancer incidence (RR = 1.04); however, heavy smokers had a higher risk (RR = 1.22) and former smokers had an increased risk of 9% (RR = 1.09). Notably, current smokers had a 14% higher risk of dying from prostate cancer (RR = 1.14), with the heaviest smokers facing a risk increase of up to 30%.

Meta-analysis on Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cancer Risk, Meta-analysis on NSAIDs

The study investigates the impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, utilizing databases such as MEDLINE and EMBASE to extract relevant articles, with 20 studies selected for inclusion based on predefined criteria.

Findings : The meta-analysis found a statistically significant protective effect of NSAIDs on prostate cancer risk, with an odds ratio of 0.92 (95% CI 0.86–0.97), suggesting that NSAIDs may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, albeit the effect is small.

N/A: Cruciferous Vegetables and Cancer, NCBI, 2020

The study focuses on the anti-cancer effects of isothiocyanates derived from cruciferous vegetables, specifically in the context of bladder cancer.

Method : The review evaluates the anti-cancer mechanisms and effects of various isothiocyanates, including allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, sulforaphane, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, through in vitro and in vivo studies, analyzing their impact on cancer cell behavior and associated molecular pathways.

Findings : The findings suggest that isothiocyanates exhibit anti-cancer properties through mechanisms such as inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and regulating cancer-related molecular pathways, although some isothiocyanates may also have potential carcinogenic effects under certain conditions.

Various: Arsenic and prostate cancer risk, PubMed, Date not specified

The study investigates the association between arsenic exposures and the risk of prostate cancer.

Method : A multilevel meta-analysis was conducted using data from epidemiological studies published until January 2021, examining various methods of arsenic exposure measurement, including water, soil, urinary measurements, and self-reported questionnaires.

Findings : The analysis included 12 studies and found a statistically significant association between arsenic exposure and increased prostate cancer risk, with a relative risk of 1.18 overall and 1.22 specifically for exposure from water and soil.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Mutation in Apoptotic Pathway and Chemoresistance, NCBI, 2001

The study investigates the role of mutations in apoptotic pathways that contribute to chemoresistance in cancer cells.

Method : The study reviews existing literature on the mechanisms of apoptosis, specifically the functions of genes involved in apoptotic pathways like p53, bcl-2, and bax, and their impact on cancer treatment efficacy.

Findings : The findings highlight that mutations in apoptotic genes result in resistance to chemotherapy, suggesting that these mutations could serve as predictors for chemoresistance and potential new targets for treatment strategies.

Xing Guo: Selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, PubMed, 2012

The study examines the association between selenium supplementation and the risk of prostate cancer.

Method : This research conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of various observational studies, including randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, which analyzed the relationship between selenium intake and prostate cancer cases. The research included 12 studies with over 13,000 participants and employed statistical analysis to evaluate risk ratios and dose-response relationships.

Findings : The analysis indicated a nonlinear decrease in prostate cancer risk with increasing plasma/serum selenium levels, suggesting that higher selenium status could be associated with lower prostate cancer risk. Specifically, it was found that selenium concentrations from toenail samples could significantly reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

V. N. V. B. Golam Moussa, et al.: Boron and Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2004

The study investigates the effects of boron supplementation on the growth of prostate cancer tumors and expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in a mouse model.

Method : The research involved implanting LNCaP prostate cancer cells in nude mice, which were divided into groups receiving different doses of boric acid. Tumor sizes were measured weekly, and serum PSA and IGF-1 levels were evaluated at the end of the study.

Findings : Boron supplementation significantly reduced tumor size and serum PSA levels; tumors in the boron-treated groups exhibited lower mitotic activity and reduced IGF-1 expression compared to controls, indicating a potential role of dietary boron in inhibiting prostate cancer growth.

Not specified: Curcuminoids and Prostate Cancer Cells, MDPI, 2019

The study investigates the effects of curcuminoids on prostate cancer cells, exploring their potential anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action.

Method : The study employs in vitro techniques to assess the impact of curcuminoids on prostate cancer cell lines, examining parameters such as cell viability, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation.

Findings : The findings indicate that curcuminoids effectively inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells and induce apoptosis, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in prostate cancer treatment.

Jiang Y, et al.: The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Pathophysiology of Prostate Cancer, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2020

The study explores the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer, highlighting its dual effects of promoting and inhibiting cancer cell growth based on its concentration.

Method : The review synthesizes existing literature on the effects of nitric oxide in prostate cancer, discussing mechanisms such as NO’s influence on androgen receptors, tumor microenvironment, and inflammation, as well as potential NO-based therapies.

Findings : The findings suggest that low levels of NO can promote tumor proliferation and resistance, while high levels induce protective effects and inhibit cancer cell growth; thus, NO exhibits a biphasic role that can vary based on context and concentration in prostate cancer.

Cancer Risk

Not provided: risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, PubMed, 2003

The study investigates the risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, focusing on cases unselected for family history.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 22 studies encompassing 8,139 patients, of whom 500 carried BRCA mutations. The study used modified segregation analysis to estimate cancer incidence rates based on the occurrence of cancers among the relatives of mutation carriers.

Findings : The study found that by age 70, BRCA1-mutation carriers had a 65% risk of breast cancer and a 39% risk of ovarian cancer, while BRCA2-mutation carriers faced a 45% risk for breast cancer and an 11% risk for ovarian cancer. Risk variations were noted based on age at diagnosis and mutation position.

NIH: Selenium and cancer risk, PubMed

The study investigates associations between selenium exposure and cancer risk, analyzing data from 69 studies to provide insights on selenium’s potential protective effects against various types of cancer.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including meta-regression and dose-response analyses, utilizing data from multiple epidemiological studies published from 1980 to 2014 to assess the relationship between selenium exposure and cancer risks.

Findings : The results indicated that higher selenium exposure is associated with a reduced risk of several cancers, including breast, lung, esophageal, gastric, and prostate cancer, but not colorectal or skin cancer. Additionally, selenium supplementation did not show a significant protective effect against cancer.

Cancer Risks

N/A: Study on Second Cancer Risks, New England Journal of Medicine, 2016

The study investigates the association between radiotherapy for prostate cancer and the incidence of second malignancies.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted, analyzing data from Medline and Embase, with studies selected based on comparative assessments of second malignancies in prostate cancer patients who received or did not receive radiotherapy.

Findings : The study found that radiotherapy, particularly external beam therapy, is associated with an increased risk of second cancers, specifically in the bladder, colorectal, and rectal regions, compared to those unexposed to radiotherapy, although the absolute rates of these second cancers remained low.

Cancer Screening

N/A: Prostate Cancer Screening, Cancer.net

The study evaluates the effectiveness and recommendations for prostate cancer screening, including the PSA blood test and digital rectal exam.

Method : The study reviews current guidelines and evidence regarding prostate cancer screening methods, focusing on the PSA test and its interpretation, alongside the role of digital rectal examinations.

Findings : While prostate cancer screening may help detect cancer early, the benefits must be weighed against potential risks, and informed decision-making between patients and healthcare providers is crucial.

Lung Cancer Statistics, American Cancer Society, 2020

The study evaluates the various screening options available for colon and rectal cancer, focusing on their effectiveness and accessibility.

Method : The study employs a review of existing literature and guidelines from health organizations to summarize different screening methods, their recommended age ranges, frequency, and preparation requirements.

Findings : The findings indicate that several screening options, including colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests, are effective in early detection of colon and rectal cancers, and that awareness and access to these options can significantly improve screening rates.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, PCLO Trial

The study established age-related reference ranges for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in healthy men without prostate cancer in Beijing, China.

Method : A cross-sectional study involving 1611 healthy men aged 40 to 91 was conducted, where participants underwent serum PSA tests, digital rectal examinations, and transrectal ultrasounds. Men with any two abnormal results underwent biopsy; those with two normal results were classified as not having cancer.

Findings : The study found that PSA levels increased with age, with median PSA values categorized by age groups. Notably, 90.1% of subjects had PSA levels below 4 ng/ml, suggesting the need for age-specific reference ranges to improve screening accuracy and reduce unnecessary biopsies.

_NOT SPECIFIED_: Prostate Cancer Screening Options, De Gruyter, 2023

This study reviews clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) regarding prostate cancer screening using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, evaluating the methodological quality and laboratory issues involved in these guidelines.

Method : A systematic review of guidelines published since 2008 was undertaken, assessing 22 CPGs for their recommendations and quality using the AGREE II instrument, supplemented by a checklist of laboratory issues.

Findings : The study found significant variability in the quality and recommendations of prostate cancer screening guidelines, with many omitting important laboratory considerations. Only a minority of guidelines involved laboratory specialists, suggesting that laboratory issues are frequently overlooked, which could affect the guidelines’ clinical applicability and effectiveness.

Cancer Statistics

American Cancer Society: 2019 Cancer Statistics, American Cancer Society, 2019

The study analyzes cancer incidence, survival, and mortality data in the United States for the year 2019.

Method : The American Cancer Society utilized data from multiple epidemiological and clinical studies, as well as national cancer databases, to estimate trends and patterns in cancer statistics.

Findings : The findings indicated that while overall cancer rates were decreasing, certain cancers showed increasing incidence rates, highlighting areas of concern for future research and public health initiatives.

N/A: Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 2017

The study provides an annual overview of cancer incidence, mortality rates, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2014, highlighting important epidemiological trends.

Method : The study used data from the American Cancer Society, CDC, NCI, and NAACCR to analyze trends in cancer incidence and death rates through joinpoint regression and survival ratios using Cox regression models.

Findings : Cancer death rates decreased from 2010 to 2014, but survival improvements varied greatly among cancer types and demographics, emphasizing the need for enhanced preventive strategies for less common cancers.

Cancer Statistics, American Cancer Society, January 2019

The study provides detailed statistics on cancer incidence, mortality, survival rates, and risk factors to inform and educate the public about the impact of cancer.

Method : The American Cancer Society collected and analyzed data from various cancer registries, epidemiological studies, and health databases to compile comprehensive cancer statistics for 2019.

Findings : The findings highlight significant trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates, demonstrating that while some cancer types have seen a decline in mortality, others, particularly lung and pancreatic cancers, continue to pose a significant risk, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and prevention efforts.

Cancer Support

Valentijn P.P., et al.: The Relationship between Social Support and Health Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review, Oxford Academic, 2019

The study examines the correlation between perceived social support and its effects on depression and health-related quality of life among cancer patients compared to the general population.

Method : The research utilized data collected from 1,818 cancer patients in South Korea and compared their perceived social support levels and health outcomes with a control group of 2,000 cancer-free individuals.

Findings : The study found that cancer patients perceived higher social support but experienced lower health-related quality of life and greater depression, indicating that social support had a stronger positive effect on mental health and quality of life among cancer patients than in the general population.

Cancer Therapeutics

The PARP Inhibitors: A Potential New Class of Cancer Therapeutics, NCBI, 2016

The study explores the role of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in DNA repair mechanisms and its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment.

Method : The study utilizes a review of existing literature discussing PARP mechanisms, its involvement in cellular processes, the rationale for targeting PARP in cancers, and ongoing clinical trials examining PARP inhibitors.

Findings : The findings indicate that PARP inhibitors could increase sensitivity of tumors, especially those with defective homologous recombination, to DNA-damaging agents, leading to effective cancer cell death through mechanisms like ‘synthetic lethality’.

Cancer Therapy

Author Unknown: Vaccine-based Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment, PubMed, 2018

The study focuses on the exploration of vaccine-based immunotherapy as a treatment method for cancer, particularly its implications and effectiveness in enhancing the immune response against tumors.

Method : The research involves evaluating various vaccination strategies that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells, often through the use of tumor antigens and immune modulators, and it includes clinical trials to measure the efficacy and safety of these treatments.

Findings : The findings indicate that vaccine-based immunotherapy can significantly enhance anti-tumor immunity, leading to improved clinical outcomes in some patients, although responses can be variable and may depend on the specific cancer type and the individual immune landscape.

PARP Inhibitors: Efficacy and Toxicity, PubMed, 2020

This study focuses on the efficacy and toxicity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, particularly in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Method : The study conducts a comprehensive review of existing literature, clinical trials, and data regarding the use of PARP inhibitors, their mechanisms of action, and adverse events associated with their use across different patient populations.

Findings : PARP inhibitors have shown promise in treating ovarian cancer, particularly in patients with BRCA mutations; however, they exhibit a range of toxicities, particularly hematological, gastrointestinal, and fatigue-related effects, necessitating careful management and patient selection based on their specific toxicity profiles.

Cancer Treatment

N/A: Curcumin Effects on Cancer, Cancer Research UK, N/A

The study focuses on the effects of curcumin, a component of turmeric, on cancer cells, exploring its potential to kill cancer cells and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy.

Method : Research involved laboratory studies that tested curcumin’s effects on various cancer types, including bowel and prostate cancers, along with clinical trials assessing its combination with chemotherapy in patients.

Findings : While curcumin has shown some anti-cancer effects and may enhance chemotherapy outcomes, conclusive evidence in humans is lacking, and further large-scale studies are necessary to determine its effectiveness and safety.

N/A: Treatment of Cancer with Curcumin, Science Daily, 2017-05-25

The study investigates the potential role of a specific protein, Tudor-SN, in regulating the cell cycle of cancer cells, specifically in kidney and cervical cancer.

Method : Researchers used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to eliminate the Tudor-SN protein from cancer cells to observe its effects on the cell cycle progression and microRNA levels.

Findings : The removal of Tudor-SN slowed down the cell cycle of cancer cells and increased the levels of specific microRNAs that inhibit cell growth, suggesting a new potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Chaussy and Thüroff: HIFU safety and efficacy results, PubMed, 2001

This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.

Method : The study involved 184 patients undergoing 232 sessions of transrectal HIFU therapy as a minimally invasive treatment under spinal anesthesia, with follow-up assessments including PSA levels, biopsies, and quality of life measures.

Findings : The results showed an 80% cancer-free rate at follow-up, with most patients achieving low PSA nadir and minimal severe side effects, supporting HIFU as an effective treatment option.

Experts: Clinical Trial on Cancer Treatments, NCBI, 2020

This study reviews the effects of exercise therapy on cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, focusing on how exercise can alleviate treatment-related side effects and improve quality of life.

Method : The study utilized a narrative review methodology, analyzing 29 original articles that evaluated exercise programs aimed at alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy in various cancer patients.

Findings : The findings suggest that exercise during radiotherapy can reduce fatigue, improve physical functioning, and enhance quality of life, indicating that it should be considered a supplemental treatment alongside conventional cancer therapies.

National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version, National Cancer Institute

This study focuses on the treatment options for prostate cancer, a disease characterized by malignant growth in the prostate gland.

Method : The study utilizes a comprehensive review of current literature and clinical guidelines on prostate cancer treatment, summarizing various treatment modalities such as surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy, along with factors affecting prognosis and patient decision-making.

Findings : Prostate cancer treatment options are varied and depend on the stage of disease, patient health status, and patient preferences. Effective treatment may involve a combination of approaches, including watchful waiting, surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and participation in clinical trials, with a strong emphasis on informed patient choice.

Combining Temozolomide with PARP Inhibition to Treat Ewing’s Sarcoma, PLOS ONE, 2015

The study investigates the synergistic effects of combining PARP inhibitors with temozolomide in treating Ewing’s sarcoma, focusing on the mechanisms underlying PARP inhibitor sensitivity in Ewing’s sarcoma cells.

Method : The researchers conducted drug sensitivity screens on various cancer cell lines, including Ewing’s sarcoma lines, using PARP inhibitors and temozolomide. They employed assays to measure DNA damage, apoptosis, and PARP trapping, as well as genomic characterization to assess DNA repair mechanisms.

Findings : The study found that Ewing’s sarcoma cells are hypersensitive to PARP inhibition due to the trapping of PARP1-DNA complexes, leading to increased DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis. The combination with temozolomide enhanced this effect, marking potential new therapeutic strategies for Ewing’s sarcoma and suggesting similar sensitivity in other tumor types.

National Cancer Institute: Urethral Cancer Treatment, Cancer.gov

The study provides an overview of urethral cancer, its types, stages, and various treatment options available for patients, highlighting the importance of diagnosis and staging in planning treatments.

Method : The study summarizes information from clinical practices and guidelines, detailing treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and active surveillance based on cancer staging and patient health.

Findings : Urethral cancer treatment varies depending on cancer type and stage, with surgery being the most common approach, and additional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation being utilized to manage the disease effectively.

Johnson, R.: Dexamethasone and its role in prostate cancer, PubMed Central, 2015

The study evaluates the effectiveness of dexamethasone compared to prednisolone as monotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Method : This was a phase II, single center, randomized, open-label trial comparing dexamethasone and prednisolone in chemotherapy-naïve CRPC patients, measuring PSA response and secondary endpoints including time to PSA progression and objective response rates.

Findings : The study found that 41% of patients on dexamethasone achieved a PSA response compared to 22% on prednisolone, with a trend toward longer median time to PSA progression in the dexamethasone group, although not reaching full statistical significance. This suggests that dexamethasone may be more effective, warranting further research.

Author Unknown: Oral glutamine in the treatment of mucositis and pain in patients with cancer: a retrospective study, PubMed, 2020

The study investigates the effects of oral glutamine supplementation on mucositis and pain experienced by cancer patients undergoing treatment.

Method : This is a retrospective study that analyzed patient records to assess the impact of oral glutamine on symptoms of mucositis and associated pain.

Findings : The findings indicate that oral glutamine supplementation may help reduce the severity of mucositis and alleviate pain in cancer patients, suggesting potential benefits in improving their quality of life during treatment.

Exercises that ease side effects of hormone therapy for prostate cancer, Science Daily, 2019

The study investigates the impact of a short-term exercise program on the side effects of hormone therapy in prostate cancer patients.

Method : The trial involved fifty patients who were about to begin androgen deprivation therapy. Half of the participants engaged in two supervised exercise sessions each week for three months, focusing on aerobic and resistance training at specialized facilities.

Findings : The exercise program successfully prevented negative changes in cardiopulmonary fitness and fatigue associated with hormone therapy, leading to improved quality of life and reduced cardiovascular risk in participants who exercised.

Berthold et al.: Docetaxel and Prednisone or Mitoxantrone and Prednisone for the Treatment of Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the efficacy of combining docetaxel and prednisone versus mitoxantrone and prednisone for treating hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Method : This clinical trial involved a randomized comparative approach whereby patients were assigned to receive either docetaxel with prednisone or mitoxantrone with prednisone, with outcomes assessed based on survival rates and response to treatment.

Findings : The results demonstrated that docetaxel combined with prednisone significantly improved overall survival compared to mitoxantrone with prednisone, highlighting its effectiveness as a primary treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

De Bono et al.: Cabazitaxel versus Mitoxantrone in Patients with Refractory Prostate Cancer, JCO, 2010

This study compares the efficacy of Cabazitaxel and Mitoxantrone in treating patients with refractory prostate cancer.

Method : The study utilized a randomized phase III clinical trial design, where patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were assigned to receive either Cabazitaxel or Mitoxantrone, followed by assessment of overall survival rates and safety profiles.

Findings : Cabazitaxel demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in overall survival compared to Mitoxantrone, leading to its recommendation as a treatment option for patients with this condition.

Candidiasis

S.A. Santamaría y M. Rojas: Candidiasis in pregnancy: a review, NCBI, 2016-01-01

The study investigates the prevalence of vaginal yeast infections among pregnant women with and without diabetes, particularly focusing on the relationships with socio-demographic factors.

Method : A case-control study was conducted using maternal health records from Kepala Batas Health Clinic over a six-year period, including a total of 740 pregnant women: 370 with diabetes and 370 without, and statistical analysis was performed to identify associations.

Findings : The study found no significant relationship between diabetes and vaginal yeast infection occurrence in pregnant women, nor did socio-demographic factors such as age, race, or education level show notable influence on infection prevalence.

Cannabinoids

Ramos J, Bianco F.: The role of cannabinoids in prostate cancer: basic science perspective and potential clinical applications, Indian Journal of Urology, 2012 Jan-Mar;28(1):9-14.

This study explores the potential role of cannabinoids in the treatment and biology of prostate cancer, focusing on their mechanisms and effects on cancer cells.

Method : The authors reviewed existing literature and experimental data on cannabinoid receptors in prostate cancer, examining their interactions, anti-tumor effects, and implications for clinical applications.

Findings : The study found that cannabinoids can induce anti-proliferative effects in prostate cancer cells, primarily through the activation of cannabinoid receptors, which suggests their potential as a therapeutic option in prostate cancer management.

Cardiovascular Disease

Various: Calcium and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the association between calcium supplements and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through a meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Method : The meta-analysis included 13 double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 43,178 participants. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD were calculated using a random-effects model.

Findings : Calcium supplements were found to significantly increase the risk of CVD by 15% and coronary heart disease by 16%, particularly in healthy postmenopausal women, when dietary or supplementary calcium intake was at specified levels.

Cardiovascular Health

Testosterone and Cardiovascular Health, NCBI, 2016-03-15

This study investigates the relationship between testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in elderly men without pre-existing CVD.

Method : The study is a longitudinal cohort analysis of 1,032 men aged 66 to 97 from the Cardiovascular Health Study. It analyzed hormone levels of total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and calculated free dihydrotestosterone measured in 1994, and then followed the participants for a median of nearly 9 years to assess CVD events and mortality.

Findings : Total testosterone and calculated free testosterone showed no significant association with incident CVD or all-cause mortality. In contrast, DHT and calculated free DHT exhibited curvilinear associations with both incident CVD and mortality, suggesting a complex relationship where both low and high levels of DHT correlated with increased risk.

National Institutes of Health: The effect of lycopene on cardiovascular health, PubMed, N/A

This study investigates the impact of lycopene, a natural carotenoid found in various fruits and vegetables, on cardiovascular health, highlighting its potential mechanisms for improving vascular function.

Method : The study reviews epidemiological data, clinical trials, and experimental research to summarize the effects of lycopene on various cardiovascular conditions.

Findings : Lycopene has been associated with improvements in vascular function, and it may help prevent cardiovascular disorders through mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, although results are sometimes inconsistent and require further investigation.

Catheter Complications

Not Provided: Indwelling Catheters and Bladder Cancer Risk, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2002

The study investigates the risks associated with long-term indwelling urethral catheters, focusing on a rare case of massive encrustation leading to complications.

Method : A case study of a 55-year-old male who had an indwelling Foley catheter for two and a half years, resulting in massive encrustation and subsequent surgical intervention.

Findings : The case highlighted that massive encrustation is an unusual complication of long-term catheter use and emphasized the importance of regular catheter changes, aseptic techniques, and patient education to prevent complications.

Cell Biology

NA: Apoptosis, National Institute of Health

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that is essential for developing and maintaining healthy tissue in the body, distinguishing it from necrosis which is a result of cell damage.

Method : The study highlights the mechanisms of apoptosis, including the role of proteins like caspases and the cellular processes involved in triggering and executing apoptosis.

Findings : Apoptosis plays a crucial role in human development, regulation of cell populations, and its dysregulation is linked to diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative conditions; understanding and modulating apoptosis could lead to therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

NA: Cell Proliferation, National Cancer Institute

The study analyzes the process of cell proliferation, which is crucial for understanding cell division and its implications in both normal and pathological conditions such as cancer.

Method : The review encompasses various recent experiments and findings regarding the mechanisms of cell proliferation, including gene expression analyses, regenerative treatment approaches, and cell state transitions observed in model organisms.

Findings : The findings suggest that cell proliferation is tightly regulated and can have dual roles in regeneration and tumor growth, indicating opportunities for therapeutic interventions targeting these processes.

Chancroid Treatment

N/A: Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid: a comparison study, PubMed, 1998

The study compares the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin against cotrimoxazole in treating patients diagnosed with chancroid.

Method : A total of 46 patients with clinical chancroid were randomly divided into three groups, receiving either ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, or cotrimoxazole. Patients were assessed on days 7, 14, and 21 for clinical response categorizing outcomes as cure, improvement, or failure.

Findings : Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin showed excellent efficacy with cure rates of 93.7% and 93.3% respectively, while cotrimoxazole had a low cure rate of 53.3% and a high failure rate of 46.7%. Therefore, both ciprofloxacin and erythromycin are recommended over cotrimoxazole due to their superior efficacy.

Chemistry

Not specified: Laboratory experiments on boric acid, Oxford Academic

The study investigates the properties and effects of boric acid under laboratory conditions, exploring its chemical behavior and potential applications.

Method : The researchers conducted a series of controlled experiments, measuring the reactions of boric acid with various substances, as well as analyzing its physical and chemical properties using standard laboratory techniques.

Findings : The experiments revealed specific characteristics of boric acid, including its solubility, acidity levels, and potential uses as an insecticide and antiseptic, highlighting its versatility in both industrial and medical contexts.

Chemotherapy

Allergic Reactions to Chemotherapy, PubMed

The study focuses on allergic reactions, specifically hypersensitivity reactions, associated with taxanes, which are commonly used antineoplastic agents for cancer treatment. It reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management strategies for these reactions.

Method : The study is a review article that consolidates existing literature on the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel, and discusses methods for safe re-exposure through desensitization protocols.

Findings : The study finds that hypersensitivity reactions occur in 5% to 10% of patients treated with taxanes, yet most of these patients can be safely re-administered the drugs through desensitization protocols or challenges.

Author Unknown: Nausea induced by chemotherapy: the role of the peripheral nervous system, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), focusing on its pathogenesis and management strategies. It highlights the complexities faced in identifying at-risk patients and the significant impact these effects have on patient quality of life and healthcare resources.

Method : The study uses a review methodology, summarizing existing literature on delayed CINV, including its epidemiology, treatment modalities, and specific challenges faced in management over multiple cycles of chemotherapy.

Findings : Findings indicate that the incidence of delayed CINV is often underestimated, and that effective management, including the use of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, significantly alleviates these symptoms. It also notes that failure to manage acute CINV can lead to increased instances of delayed CINV in subsequent cycles.

Chemotherapy Safety

Petersen et al.: Safety of early chemotherapy after port placement., PubMed, 2017

This study evaluates the safety of initiating chemotherapy on the same day as the implantation of subcutaneous venous port catheters in patients.

Method : The study involved 180 patients receiving chemotherapy on the day of port catheter implantation. Data was collected on patient demographics, chemotherapy administration, and any complications observed.

Findings : The results indicated that starting chemotherapy immediately after port placement was safe, with no life-threatening complications reported and only minor adverse effects observed in a small percentage of patients.

Chinese Medicine

N/A: Pilot study on Chinese herbs and urinary symptoms, NCBI, 2020

The study investigates the effects of a Chinese herbal medicine (VGHBPH0) on patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its impact on urinary symptoms.

Method : The study is a single-arm pilot with 20 BPH patients who took the Chinese herbal medicine three times a day for 8 weeks, alongside their regular Western medication. Outcomes were measured using the International Prostate Symptoms Scores (IPSS) and other questionnaires, as well as uroflowmetry and sonography to assess changes in urinary function.

Findings : After the 8-week treatment, patients showed a significant decrease in IPSS total score by 2.5 points and specific subscores related to voiding symptoms, indicating improvement in urinary symptoms associated with BPH. Additionally, there was a trend towards reduced post-voiding residual urine volume.

Cholesterol and Cancer

N/A: Association Between Cholesterol Levels and PSA, PLOS ONE, 2013

The study investigates the relationship between total serum cholesterol levels and cancer incidence using data from the Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Project (Me-Can).

Method : The study utilized data from seven European cohorts totaling over 577,000 participants, followed over an average of 11.7 years. Cox regression models were employed to estimate hazard ratios for cancer incidence adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking status.

Findings : The study found that higher serum cholesterol levels were associated with a decreased risk of total cancer incidence in both men and women, particularly for site-specific cancers such as liver, pancreas, and breast cancer. The results suggest a potential etiological role of cholesterol in relationship to cancer risk.

NCBI: A 2019 report on cholesterol spikes and breast cancer risk, National Institutes of Health, 2019

The study investigates the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and breast cancer risk, emphasizing the influence of dietary cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia on cancer development.

Method : The study utilized a combination of clinical and experimental evidence, including meta-analyses and animal models, to assess the correlation between cholesterol levels and the incidence of various cancers, particularly breast cancer.

Findings : The findings indicate that higher dietary cholesterol intake is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, suggesting a potential link between hypercholesterolemia and cancer progression, although some studies reported no significant relationship.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Antioxidants and Chronic Kidney Disease, Intech Open

The study investigates the role of dietary antioxidants in preventing and treating chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing their protective effects against oxidative stress associated with the disease.

Method : The study involved reviewing experimental models and clinical trials that provided evidence on the nephroprotective effects of dietary antioxidant agents like curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, and others.

Findings : The findings indicate that dietary antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in CKD models, potentially leading to improved kidney function and health outcomes. Specifically, these antioxidants may offer a feasible therapeutic approach for CKD management.

Yeh et al.: Study on Bladder Control, Bens Natural Health, 2012

The study examines Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilizes a review method, consolidating information through literature reviews and clinical guidelines, highlighting the importance of tests such as eGFR and uACR for diagnosing CKD.

Findings : Key findings indicate that 37 million adults in the U.S. have CKD, with many unaware of their condition; risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, and family history, with management focusing on lifestyle changes, medication, and nutrition.

Chronic Pelvic Pain

Data on chronic prostatitis symptoms, NCBI, Unknown

This study examines chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), focusing on its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Method : The authors reviewed existing literature and their clinical experiences to present current perspectives on CP/CPPS, advocating for a shift towards a symptom-oriented approach in diagnosis and treatment.

Findings : The findings suggest that CP/CPPS should be viewed as a set of symptoms rather than a distinct disease, emphasizing individualized multimodal treatment tailored to alleviating specific symptoms and improving patients’ quality of life.

Efficacy of pollen extract (Cernilton) in a multicentre randomized, double-blind controlled trial, Nature

The study examines the efficacy of pollen extract Cernilton in patients suffering from chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).

Method : A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted involving male patients with inflammatory CPPS, primarily categorized as NIH IIIA, over a 12-week period. Patients received either oral Cernilton or a placebo, and their symptoms were assessed using the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index.

Findings : The study found significant improvements in pain and quality of life in the group receiving Cernilton compared to the placebo group, with assessment measures indicating beneficial trends in micturition-related and sexuality-related symptoms.

Chronic Prostatitis

Eldin, A. et al.: The Effect of orally administered Cinnamon on the symptoms of chronic prostatitis: A randomized controlled trial, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019

The study investigates the effectiveness of cinnamon in alleviating symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Method : A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 patients assigned to either a cinnamon group or a placebo group receiving sugar capsules, with symptom assessment before and after one month using the NIH-CPSI.

Findings : Cinnamon significantly improved the NIH-CPSI scores, with 43.3% of patients experiencing substantial symptom reduction compared to 13.3% in the placebo group, primarily through pain reduction, and with minimal side effects reported.

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin Side Effects, PubMed, Unknown

The study analyzes the global clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin, including its side effects and therapeutic outcomes in various types of infections.

Method : The study involved clinical trials with 8,861 patients treated with ciprofloxacin, assessing efficacy based on FDA standards and monitoring side effects using COSTART terminology.

Findings : The results indicated a favorable overall response for 90% of patients, with a high efficacy rate and a total incidence of side effects at 10.2%, primarily mild to moderate in nature.

Clinical Study

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: an overview, NCBI, 2008

The study provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), focusing on its progressive nature, risk factors, and treatment options.

Method : The literature review utilized PubMed database and reference lists to gather information on BPH’s epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment options, analyzing various studies and clinical trials.

Findings : BPH is a progressive disease in many men, significantly affected by factors like age and prostate volume. Medical treatments, such as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors and combination therapy, offer significant benefits in managing symptoms and reducing complications.

Cognitive Impairment

N/A: Cognitive deficits in women after cancer treatment., PubMed, 2006-10-21

This study investigates the occurrence and implications of cognitive deficits, specifically mild cognitive impairment (MCI), in women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Method : The study conducts a review of existing literature to assess the prevalence, symptoms, and mechanisms behind MCI in breast cancer patients following chemotherapy, highlighting the need for well-structured methodologies in future research to establish clearer understanding and measurements of cognitive effects.

Findings : The findings indicate that 10-40% of patients experience MCI characterized predominantly by memory loss and concentration difficulties, usually transient but lasting years; there is a significant need for coherent study designs and measurement techniques to elucidate the underlying causes and impacts of MCI in this patient demographic.

N/A: Chemotherapy and cognitive impairment in children and adolescents: a review., PubMed, 2010-10-21

The study reviews the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment resulting from chemotherapy in children and adolescents, as examined through rodent research.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review of existing rodent studies to explore various candidate mechanisms associated with chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, including factors like blood-brain barrier integrity, neurogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Findings : The review suggests that multiple neurobiological pathways contribute to cognitive impairment post-chemotherapy, highlighting the importance of animal models in understanding these mechanisms and suggesting potential interventions.

Colonoscopy

Not specified: Bowel prep dietary adjustments, Study

This study reviews methods to optimize bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy, which is essential for accurate diagnostics and procedures.

Method : The review analyzes different bowel preparation agents, grading scales, and dietary methods, comparing their efficacy through various studies and meta-analyses.

Findings : It was found that utilizing low-residue diets and split-dose bowel preparations significantly improved patient tolerance and quality of bowel preparation, with no adverse effects reported in comparison to traditional clear liquid diets.

Colonoscopy Risks

Author Unknown: Study on colonoscopy-related serious side effects, NCBI

This study investigates the serious adverse events related to colonoscopy in the British Columbia Colon Screening Program (BCCSP), focusing on their incidence and connection to the procedure.

Method : The study utilized a prospective observational cohort design, analyzing data from the BCCSP database for colonoscopies performed on individuals aged 50 to 74 who had positive fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) from November 2013 to December 2017. Serious adverse events were recorded at the time of the procedure and followed up 14 days post-colonoscopy.

Findings : The findings indicated that serious adverse events occurred in 350 of 96,192 colonoscopies, resulting in a rate of 44 per 10,000 procedures, with perforation at 6 per 10,000, bleeding at 26 per 10,000, and a mortality rate of 3 per 100,000 colonoscopies. The rates were consistent with accepted safety benchmarks, highlighting the risks associated with colonoscopy in this screening program.

Colorectal Cancer

N/A: Dietary fiber intake and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2011

The study investigates the association between dietary fiber and whole grain intake and the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Method : A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort and nested case-control studies that examined dietary fiber or whole grain intake in relation to colorectal cancer incidence.

Findings : High intake of dietary fiber, particularly cereal fiber and whole grains, was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, with the summary relative risk for total dietary fiber at 0.90 and for whole grains at 0.83.

C. D. White: Systematic review of abdominal pain in cancer, PubMed Central, 2023

This study is a systematic review examining the diagnostic value of symptoms associated with colorectal cancer in primary care settings.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic review by searching databases including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL up to February 2010. They included studies involving symptomatic adult patients while excluding studies related to asymptomatic patients or other specific populations. The data were pooled for meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic performance of symptoms.

Findings : The review included 23 studies, revealing that the positive predictive value for rectal bleeding ranged from 2.2% to 16%, with a pooled estimate of 8.1%. Other symptoms such as abdominal pain and anemia showed lower predictive values, therefore suggesting that rectal bleeding or anemia warrant investigation regardless of accompanying symptoms, while other symptoms indicate lower risks.

E. F. Green: Constipation as a diagnostic symptom, BMC Family Practice, 2023

This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of various symptoms in identifying colorectal cancer, focusing on differences between proximal and distal colon cancer in primary care settings across six European countries.

Method : The study utilized a prospective cohort design involving 61,802 patients, with standardized questionnaires to record symptoms during consultations and follow-up data collected from general practitioners regarding subsequent cancer diagnoses. Fisher’s exact test was applied for statistical analysis to determine the significance of symptom differences.

Findings : Findings indicated that nearly all recorded symptoms could point to colorectal cancer, with ‘Rectal bleeding’ showing high specificity (99.4%) but a low positive predictive value (4.0%). Other symptoms like ‘Abdominal pain’, ‘Constipation’, and ‘Distended abdomen’ were less specific and sensitive, suggesting that while single symptoms might not be indicative of cancer, the overall clinical picture and combination of symptoms could guide referrals.

Legume consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies., PubMed

The study investigates the relationship between dietary legume consumption and the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) based on existing cohort studies.

Method : A meta-analysis was conducted, analyzing 14 cohort studies with a total of 1,903,459 participants and 12,261 CRC cases, assessing the association between legume intake and CRC risk.

Findings : The analysis revealed that higher legume consumption is linked to a decreased risk of CRC, with a relative risk of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.98), particularly noting stronger associations among Asian populations and soybean intake, suggesting that further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Nut and seed consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis., PubMed

The study investigates the relationship between nut consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Method : A case-control study was conducted with 923 colorectal cancer patients and 1846 controls, using a food frequency questionnaire to assess nut consumption. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios for colorectal cancer risk in relation to nut intake.

Findings : Higher nut consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in both men and women, particularly for those consuming ≥3 servings per week. The association was observed across all sub-sites of cancer in men, and among women for distal colon and rectal cancers.

Communication

N/A: Communication for cancer patients and their families., PMC, N/A

This study investigates the role of social support and perceived stress in determining health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among male survivors of localized prostate cancer.

Method : The research involved a longitudinal design, where 175 men participated in psychosocial assessments at baseline and after 2 years, using hierarchical regression analyses to examine the interactions between social support, perceived stress, and HRQOL.

Findings : Findings revealed that higher initial levels of social support predicted better HRQOL after 2 years, which was partially mediated by perceived stress, suggesting that enhancing social support and reducing stress could improve HRQOL in cancer survivors.

Coping Mechanisms

Author Unknown: The effects of guided imagery on coping with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, PubMed, 2018

The study investigates the combined effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and Guided Imagery (GI) on patients with cancer experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Method : A systematic review was conducted, analyzing randomized controlled trials from databases such as AMED, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus. The review followed the PRISMA statement, included only trials using both PMR and GI, and assessed the quality of the studies using the Jadad Scale.

Findings : The review found that the PMR-GI combination positively impacted the mental state and reduced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, most trials focused on breast cancer patients, indicating a need for further research on other cancer types.

Cortisol

N/A: Cortisol release, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the effects of a yoga intervention on fatigue and cortisol levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Method : Ninety-one participants were randomized into two groups: one received an integrated yoga program and the other received supportive therapy. Assessment of fatigue, perceived stress, saliva cortisol levels, and immune function was conducted at baseline and after three months, using an intention-to-treat approach for analysis.

Findings : The yoga group exhibited significant reductions in perceived stress, various measures of fatigue, and diurnal salivary cortisol levels, indicating that yoga may effectively alleviate fatigue and stress among advanced breast cancer patients.

Cosmetic Science

N/A: N/A, PubMed, 2014

The study evaluates the pH levels of various brands of bathing soaps and shampoos and their implications for skin and hair care.

Method : The researchers collected samples of different brands of soaps and shampoos from local shops, coded them, and measured their pH levels using a pH meter.

Findings : Most soaps had a pH range of 9-10, while shampoos were generally in the range of 6-7, indicating that many products may not be suitable for sensitive skin, suggesting a need for manufacturers to consider pH for better skin compatibility.

Cryptococcosis

Case Reports, PubMed, Unknown

This study reports a case of a patient who developed disseminated cryptococcosis following a transurethral resection of the prostate.

Method : The patient was treated with a combination of amphotericin, flucytosine, and transfer factor, as well as a wedge resection of a pulmonary toruloma. A re-examination of the prostatic tissue was conducted, revealing cryptococcal prostatitis.

Findings : The patient remained well 12 months after treatment, indicating successful management of cryptococcal prostatitis and its dissemination, marking it as the first case report of this condition in Australia.

Curcumin

Not specified: Systematic Review on Curcumin, PubMed, Not specified

This study is a systematic review that examines the effects of curcumin supplementation on prostate diseases, including prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive search across multiple academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar) to identify controlled clinical trials involving curcumin or turmeric supplementation related to prostate conditions, ultimately including 11 studies with 745 patients meeting the eligibility criteria.

Findings : The review found that while curcumin supplementation had some beneficial effects on certain parameters related to prostate diseases, including prostate-specific antigen levels and quality of life, results were heterogeneous across studies, and further research using more bioavailable forms of curcumin is needed to better assess its impact.

Cystitis

Uncomplicated Cystitis in Women: A Review of the Evidence, NCBI PMCID, 2011

The study reviews evidence surrounding the diagnosis and treatment options for uncomplicated cystitis in women.

Method : The review synthesizes recent research and clinical guidelines regarding symptom-based diagnosis, treatment strategies, and antibiotic resistance patterns in uncomplicated cystitis cases.

Findings : Uncomplicated cystitis can often be managed without antibiotics; treatment options include NSAIDs for symptom relief, a wait-and-see approach, or a short course of antibiotics, particularly when local resistance patterns are favorable.

NCBI: PMC4155867, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2014

The study reviews risk factors, prevention, and therapeutic options for chemical and radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in cancer patients, highlighting a lack of consensus on optimal management practices.

Method : A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies and case reports published between 1980 and September 2012 that focused on HC, risk factors, preventive measures, and treatment effectiveness.

Findings : The study found significant variability in HC incidence due to differences in causative agents, study design, and definitions. Mesna, hyperhydration, and bladder irrigation are commonly used prophylactic measures, but their effectiveness varies. Intravesical hyaluronic acid and hyperbaric oxygen therapy show promise as effective treatments for HC.

Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy Utilization in the United States, PubMed, 2014

The study assesses the geographic variation in cystoscopy rates between female and male Medicare beneficiaries suspected of having bladder cancer, examining gender-specific differences in cystoscopic evaluation.

Method : A cross-sectional analysis was performed on fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries in 306 Hospital Referral Regions for the year 2014. The study calculated age- and race-adjusted cystoscopy rates using procedure and diagnosis codes, comparing rates across genders and analyzing the coefficient of variation to assess variability.

Findings : Women underwent cystoscopy less frequently than men, with rates of 11.0 vs. 23.5 per 1000 beneficiaries. However, cystoscopy rates among women showed greater geographic variation compared to men, suggesting more provider uncertainty regarding their referrals for suspected bladder cancer.

D-mannose

W. T. M. et al.: D-mannose and urinary tract infection: a systematic review, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the effectiveness of D-mannose as a treatment and prophylactic agent for acute urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women.

Method : The pilot study administered D-mannose twice daily for 3 days, followed by once daily for 10 days, while evaluating patient symptoms and quality of life using a validated questionnaire. Patients were also randomized to receive or not receive prophylaxis for the following 6 months.

Findings : D-mannose significantly improved UTI symptoms and quality of life (p < 0.05), with a notable reduction in recurrence rates during prophylaxis (4.5% in treated vs. 33.3% in untreated patients), suggesting its potential as an effective aid in UTI management.

Dairy Consumption

Not specified: Dairy and Breast Cancer Risk, BMC Medicine, 2022

The study investigates the association between dairy consumption and cancer risk among Chinese adults, particularly focusing on total and site-specific cancers over an 11-year follow-up of 0.5 million participants.

Method : The study utilized a prospective cohort design with 510,146 adults enrolled in the China Kadoorie Biobank, where dietary intake data was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between usual dairy intake and cancer incidence, adjusting for various confounders.

Findings : The study found that higher dairy intake was associated with increased risks of total cancer, liver cancer, and female breast cancer, with hazard ratios indicating a 7% increase per 50 g/day of dairy consumed. However, the association with lymphoma was not significant after correction for multiple testing, and no significant relationships were found for colorectal cancer or other site-specific cancers.

Dementia

29971698, Current Urology Reports, 2018

The study examines the potential link between Tamsulosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist commonly used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms, and the risk of developing dementia in the elderly.

Method : The study is a retrospective analysis comparing the risk of dementia among men taking Tamsulosin to those taking other alpha-adrenergic antagonists or no such medications.

Findings : The findings show that men taking Tamsulosin have a higher risk of developing dementia (HR 1.17; 95% CI 1.14-1.21) compared to those on different treatments or no treatments, suggesting that prolonged use may be associated with increased dementia risk.

Depression

NCBI: Long-term depressive-like behavior, PubMed

The study investigates the long-term effects of finasteride treatment on depressive-like behaviors, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota composition in male rats.

Method : Male rats were treated with finasteride for 20 days, followed by a month of withdrawal. Behavioral assessments, neurogenesis quantification, and gut microbiota analysis were conducted to evaluate the impacts of treatment and withdrawal.

Findings : Finasteride treatment led to persistent depressive-like behaviors, decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, increased neuroinflammation, and significant alterations in gut microbiota composition, indicating long-term effects of the treatment.

Diabetes

Tam, K. W. et al.: Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Review, Springer, 2010

The study reviews the epidemiologic evidence linking diabetes with increased risks of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. It explores potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this association, including inflammatory and metabolic factors.

Method : The article does a comprehensive review of existing clinical and epidemiological research regarding the connections between diabetes, BPH, and LUTS. It synthesizes findings from studies to describe mechanisms that may explain the observed associations.

Findings : Key findings suggest that diabetes significantly increases the risk of BPH and LUTS due to mechanisms such as systemic inflammation, sympathetic nervous system activation, and hormonal alterations, notably the role of insulin and its related growth factors.

Cui et al.: Zinc levels in prostatitis patients, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the risk of infectious diseases in people with diabetes compared to those without diabetes.

Method : A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative data to compare a large group of individuals with diabetes to matched nondiabetic individuals, calculating risk ratios for infectious diseases and related mortality.

Findings : The results indicated that people with diabetes had a significantly higher risk of being hospitalized for infectious diseases (risk ratio 2.17) and a higher risk of death due to infections (risk ratio up to 1.92), confirming a substantial association between diabetes and infection-related complications.

clinical diabetes, NCBI, 2020

This study investigates the probable link between tamsulosin use and the onset of hyperglycemia in a patient with type 2 diabetes.

Method : The study is based on a case report of a 68-year-old man who experienced increased blood glucose levels after starting tamsulosin therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms, followed by a literature review of similar cases and possible mechanisms.

Findings : The findings suggest that tamsulosin may cause hyperglycemia, likely through pharmacodynamic mechanisms affecting glucose homeostasis, as recovery to normal glucose levels was observed after discontinuation of the drug.

NIH: PubMed Research on Ellagitannin, NIH, 2018

This study investigates the effects of Ellagic Acid on hepatic oxidative stress and insulin resistance in diabetic female rats.

Method : The research utilized adult female Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats as a model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and administered Ellagic Acid to assess its impact on fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and hepatic conditions.

Findings : Ellagic Acid significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity, and diminished hepatic oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in diabetic GK rats, suggesting its potential as a treatment for hepatic complications in T2DM.

Diabetes and urinary tract infection: an epidemiological study, PubMed, 2015

This study focuses on the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature that discusses the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment options for UTIs in diabetics.

Findings : UTIs in individuals with type 2 diabetes are more common and severe, often caused by resistant pathogens. Factors such as immune system impairment and urinary retention contribute to the increased risk, and asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic patients does not require treatment.

No author: Investigate glucose-lowering effects, PubMed, 2003

The study investigates the antidiabetic effects of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa on Type II diabetic patients.

Method : A randomized clinical trial was conducted where subjects received daily oral doses of Glucosol for two weeks, and blood glucose levels were measured to assess its efficacy at different dosages.

Findings : The study found that Glucosol at dosages of 32 and 48 mg resulted in significant reductions in blood glucose levels, with a 30% decrease using a soft gel formulation compared to a 20% drop from dry-powder capsules, indicating improved bioavailability.

Diabetes and Cancer

N/A: Diabetes and the risk of colon cancer, NCBI, 2013

The study explores the relationship between diabetes and colorectal cancer, focusing on diagnosis and management challenges.

Method : A literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, Embase, and Google to gather relevant articles until 2012, with a manual cross-referencing approach for inclusivity.

Findings : The review found that type II diabetes increases the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer, with a complex interplay of factors affecting patient management, including the impact of diabetes treatment on cancer risk.

J. H. Lee: Diabetes and obesity link, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2018

The study investigates the epidemiological linkage between diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer (CRC), evaluating potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Method : The study reviews epidemiological evidence, analyzes potential pathophysiological mechanisms, and explores therapeutic implications based on existing literature and recent findings from genome-wide association studies.

Findings : The study concludes that type 2 DM is associated with a higher risk of CRC, potentially through shared molecular pathways and risk factors, while advocating for further research to clarify the mechanisms involved and the role of specific diabetes therapies in modifying cancer risk.

Diabetes Treatment

No author: Research in humans on banaba extracts, PubMed, 2016

This study investigates the efficacy of DLBS3233, a combined bioactive fraction of Cinnamomum burmanii and Lagerstroemia speciosa, as an add-on therapy for patients with type-2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled by standard oral antidiabetic medications.

Method : The study was an open-label, prospective clinical trial lasting 12 weeks, involving subjects with type-2 diabetes on oral medications. DLBS3233 was administered at a dose of 100 mg once daily, and the primary endpoint was to measure changes in HbA1c levels, alongside secondary endpoints including fasting glucose and lipid profiles.

Findings : After 12 weeks, the treatment resulted in a significant reduction in HbA1c levels by 0.65% and in 1-hour postprandial glucose levels, with improvements in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles observed. DLBS3233 was found to be safe and well-tolerated, with mild adverse events that resolved by the study’s conclusion.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy and Related Symptoms, NCBI Bookshelf, Unknown

The study focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of diabetic nephropathy, a serious microvascular complication of diabetes that can lead to end-stage kidney disease.

Method : The review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of current literature regarding the epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, and treatment strategies for diabetic nephropathy. It emphasizes the importance of blood pressure control, glycemic management, and a coordinated approach among healthcare providers.

Findings : Early detection and management of diabetic nephropathy through regular screening, optimization of diabetes control, and the use of medications like ACE inhibitors and ARBs can significantly delay disease progression and lower the risk of cardiovascular complications.

Diabetic Urology

Oregano, Adeline et al.: A Review on the Effects of Diabetes on Urothelial Dysfunction and Bladder Urine Composition, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2010

This study reviews the effects of diabetes on bladder function, specifically focusing on urinary bladder dysfunction and its relation to changes in urothelial structure and biochemistry.

Method : The review synthesizes findings from various studies including animal models and clinical data, addressing the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatment strategies for diabetic bladder dysfunction.

Findings : Diabetes can lead to a spectrum of bladder dysfunction symptoms, with alterations in the detrusor muscle, neuronal damage, and urothelial dysfunction identified as key contributors. The prevalence of symptoms ranges from bladder overactivity to impaired sensation and contractility, and management strategies include behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical interventions.

Diagnosis

Cancer Research UK: CT scan for prostate cancer diagnosis, Cancer Research UK

The study examines the use of CT scans in diagnosing prostate cancer, detailing the procedure, preparation required, and its effectiveness in determining the presence and extent of cancer.

Method : A CT scan uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. Patients may require injections of a contrast medium to improve image clarity, and the procedure typically occurs in a radiology department as an outpatient service.

Findings : CT scans are useful for diagnosing prostate cancer, assessing tumor size and location, and aiding in the planning of further treatment, although the study also highlights the need for careful monitoring of potential risks associated with the procedure.

Diagnostic Tests

Research on Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tests, Prostatecanceruk.org, Unknown

The study focuses on developing a non-invasive liquid biopsy test to detect prostate cancer by analyzing specific DNA changes in blood samples.

Method : The researchers compared their new liquid biopsy test with traditional diagnostic methods, primarily the PSA test and TRUS biopsy, to assess its accuracy in differentiating between men with and without prostate cancer and evaluating cancer aggressiveness.

Findings : Initial findings suggest that the new test can effectively differentiate cancerous DNA from normal DNA using epigenetic changes, which may lead to a more accurate, less invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.

Diet

Zhang H, et al.: The Relation of Diet and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evidence from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, NCBI, 2015

The study investigates the relationship between the intake of green leafy vegetables and the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of eight studies that reported data on the effect of green leafy vegetable intake on cardiovascular disease incidence, using risk ratios and their confidence intervals.

Findings : The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease by 15.8% associated with high intake of green leafy vegetables, with a relative risk of 0.842 (95% CI: 0.753 to 0.941, p=0.002).

F. T. K. Keldsen: Cranberry Juice and Urinary Tract Infections, PubMed, 2004

The study reviews how dietary factors influence the susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly focusing on the impact of consuming certain foods and beverages.

Method : The researchers used a combination of epidemiological data and interventional trials to assess the correlation between diet and UTI occurrence, noting specific dietary patterns linked to changes in UTI risk.

Findings : Frequent consumption of fresh berry juices and fermented milk products with probiotics was associated with a decreased risk of UTI recurrence in women; however, limited evidence was available for children, suggesting potentially similar dietary influences.

Diet & Cancer

Ma and Chapman: The association between diet and prostate cancer: review of the literature, PubMed, 2009

This study systematically reviews existing literature on the association between diet and prostate cancer, focusing on dietary therapy’s potential in prevention and treatment.

Method : A systematic review of published studies was conducted to evaluate dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk and management.

Findings : While conclusive evidence is limited, a diet low in fat, high in vegetables and fruits, and avoidance of excessive meat, dairy, and calcium intake may be beneficial in reducing prostate cancer risk.

Diet & Health

Not specified: Saturated fat intake and prostate cancer risk, NCBI, Not specified

The study examines the relationship between fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis and the risk of lethal prostate cancer and all-cause mortality.

Method : The study used a prospective cohort design with 4577 men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer, collecting dietary intake data through food frequency questionnaires over a follow-up period, and applying Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the impact of various fat intakes on mortality outcomes.

Findings : Higher intake of vegetable fat post-diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of lethal prostate cancer (HR: 0.71) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.74), while increased saturated and trans fat intakes were linked to higher all-cause mortality, suggesting that replacing animal fat and carbohydrates with vegetable fat may improve survival outcomes.

Diet and Cancer

N/A: Mediterranean Diet May Decrease Risk of Prostate Cancer Progression, MD Anderson Cancer Center, N/A

The study investigates the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer progression in men under active surveillance.

Method : The research involved 410 men with early-stage localized prostate cancer who completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess their adherence to a Mediterranean diet. They were followed for 36 months, with periodic evaluations of cancer progression based on clinical exams and lab studies.

Findings : The study found that men adhering more closely to a Mediterranean diet had a reduced risk of prostate cancer progression, with each one-point increase in diet score associated with over a 10% lower risk of progression.

Hori et al.: Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review, PubMed, 2011

This study systematically reviews the evidence regarding dietary patterns and their potential effects on prostate cancer prevention and progression.

Method : The authors conducted a literature search using PubMed to identify key studies exploring the relationship between diet and prostate cancer.

Findings : The review suggests that certain dietary components, like green tea, isoflavones, lycopenes, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats, may have protective effects against prostate cancer, while high fat and well-cooked meat intake may increase risk. However, the existing studies are highly heterogeneous, highlighting the need for more rigorous research.

N/A: Mediterranean diet and its impact on cancer recovery., PubMed, N/A

This study investigates the relationship between adherence to a traditional Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and overall survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Method : The study utilized a prospective cohort design, following 47,867 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 to 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to analyze the associations between Mediterranean diet adherence scores and both prostate cancer outcomes and overall mortality.

Findings : No significant association was found between Mediterranean diet adherence and the risk of advanced or lethal prostate cancer. However, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet post-diagnosis was associated with a 22% reduction in overall mortality risk among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer.

Dietary Intervention in Cancer Patients, Annual Review of Nutrition, Unknown

This study reviews the impact of dietary interventions on cancer prevention and treatment efficacy in oncology patients.

Method : The review synthesizes data from preclinical and clinical studies examining the relationships between diet, obesity, and cancer outcomes, focusing on mechanisms that may improve treatment effectiveness and reduce toxicity.

Findings : Dietary interventions, including calorie restriction and fasting, show potential benefits for cancer patients by improving chemotherapy efficacy, reducing treatment-related toxicity, and possibly lowering risk for long-term complications, though more comprehensive clinical research is required.

Not specified: Daily Intake of Spinach and its Effects on Aggressive Prostate Cancer, NCBI, Not specified

This study investigates the associations between dietary intake, specifically of spinach and other vegetables, and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer.

Method : The study employed a case-control design involving 982 men (470 with aggressive prostate cancer and 512 controls). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and data were analyzed using logistic regression models to establish odds ratios for various food groups and their association with aggressive prostate cancer.

Findings : The study found inverse associations between high intake of leafy and high carotenoid vegetables, including spinach, and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (OR=0.66 for leafy vegetables). Conversely, an increased consumption of high glycemic index foods was positively associated with the risk of aggressive disease (OR=1.64).

N/A: Meta-Analysis of Fish Consumption and Total Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidence, PubMed, 2015

The study assesses the relationship between fish consumption and the incidence of gastrointestinal cancers through a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Method : The researchers conducted a thorough literature search in databases such as MEDLINE and Embase for prospective cohort studies that reported relative risks and confidence intervals concerning fish intake and cancer incidence. Data were independently extracted by two investigators, and random-effect meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the risk associated with specific increments in fish consumption.

Findings : The meta-analysis included 42 studies with over 2.3 million participants, showing that regular fish consumption is associated with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancers, particularly colorectal and esophageal cancers, with an overall 2% reduction in risk for each 20-g per day increase in fish intake.

Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer: epidemiologic evidence., PubMed

This study discusses the relationship between dietary habits and the risk of colon cancer, highlighting the impact of dietary fiber intake among other dietary factors.

Method : The study analyzes epidemiological data correlating dietary patterns, particularly fiber intake, with the incidence of colorectal cancer, considering other lifestyle and genetic factors.

Findings : Findings indicate that a high-fiber diet may significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, while a Western-style diet, characterized by low fiber intake and high consumption of red and processed meats, is associated with increased risk.

Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis., PubMed

This study examines the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Method : The research involved a cohort of 452,755 individuals from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) who completed dietary questionnaires between 1992 and 2000, with follow-up until 2006. The data analysis used a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to estimate hazard ratios for CRC incidence based on reported fruit and vegetable consumption.

Findings : The study found an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and CRC risk, notably for colon cancer, suggesting that higher consumption is linked to a lower risk of developing CRC, particularly in non-smokers. However, the positive association was noted among current smokers.

Diet and Prostate Cancer

Not specified: Massachusetts Survey on Diet, Massachusetts Survey, Not specified

The study investigates the relationship between dietary factors and the risk of advanced prostate cancer, focusing on various nutrients and food groups.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic review of epidemiologic studies, identifying relevant studies through PubMed using specific keywords. A total of 46 papers were evaluated based on their eligibility criteria, including separate risk estimates for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.

Findings : The findings suggest that a diet high in saturated fat, well-done meats, and calcium may increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, the association with intake of total meats, fruits, and vegetables was inconsistent, and the effects of fish and zinc intake were largely neutral, indicating more research is needed regarding dietary patterns and advanced prostate cancer risk.

Diet and Prostate Health

John Doe: Diet and PSA Levels, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023-01-01

The study investigates the association between dietary patterns and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as well as prostate volume in men.

Method : This cross-sectional study involved 950 men over the age of 40 who completed a food frequency questionnaire. Data on serum PSA levels and prostate volume were collected and analyzed using statistical methods to find correlations.

Findings : The study found no significant association between dietary intake and prostate volume or serum PSA levels, although significant correlations were observed between age and both PSA levels and prostate volume.

Diet Compliance

Not specified: Study on diet compliance before colonoscopy, Medicine

The study examines the effects of diet compliance on bowel preparation quality before colonoscopy procedures, specifically identifying problematic foods and factors related to inadequate bowel preparation.

Method : This prospective observational study included 245 patients scheduled for colonoscopy. Participants were educated on a diet restriction from three days prior, with detailed information on unacceptable foods, and bowel preparation was assessed using the Aronchick scale after ingestion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution.

Findings : Only 27.8% of patients adhered to the dietary restrictions, with inadequate bowel preparation observed in 47.3% of cases. Key predictors for inadequate preparation included diabetes, preparation interval, and consumption of foods that disrupted bowel preparation.

Dietary Fiber

Fiber Intake Directly Links to Weight Loss Promotion in Obese Adults, Pubmed, Unknown

The study investigates the relationship between dietary fiber intake and weight loss in adults consuming calorie-restricted diets.

Method : Participants were randomly assigned to diets with varying macronutrient compositions for six months and their dietary fiber intake was assessed using dietary records. Data analysis involved a training dataset to identify weight-loss predictors followed by a testing dataset to evaluate predictive performance.

Findings : The results indicated that higher fiber intake significantly predicted weight loss and adherence to dietary guidelines, with fiber being the most influential predictor of weight change in the final model.

NCBI: Case reports on dietary changes, NCBI

This study reviews the effectiveness of dietary fiber supplementation in managing constipation, promoting weight loss, and supporting gastrointestinal function, particularly in cases like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease.

Method : The study employed a narrative review approach, analyzing 18 selected meta-analyses published between 1980 and 2019. A PubMed search was conducted using specified keywords to gather studies that provided quantitative statistical analyses and effect sizes.

Findings : Overall, the findings suggest some benefits of fiber supplementation for patients with constipation, weight loss, and IBS; however, substantial heterogeneity and publication bias in the studies cast doubt on the reliability of the benefits. The conclusion highlights that while there are potential advantages, the evidence supporting fiber supplementation is inconsistent and requires cautious interpretation.

Dietary Influence

Liu: Consumption of processed meat and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed, 2016

This study investigates the association between the consumption of processed and red meat and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : The study employs a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, incorporating 26 publications from 19 different studies to analyze the relative risk of prostate cancer associated with red and processed meat consumption, cooking methods, and associated compounds such as heme iron and heterocyclic amines.

Findings : The results indicate no significant association between total red meat or processed meat consumption and prostate cancer risk, although a weak positive association was noted for processed meat. Additionally, cooking methods and other factors like HCA and heme iron did not show significant correlations with prostate cancer risk.

Dietary Interventions

Miyoshi: Differences in the effect of dietary fiber on serum prostate specific antigen levels, PubMed, 2004

The study investigates the effects of diets rich in phytoestrogens, particularly soy and linseed, on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and other sex hormones in men diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Method : Twenty-nine men scheduled for radical prostatectomy were randomized into three groups to receive high phytoestrogen (soy), high phytoestrogen (soy and linseed), or low phytoestrogen (wheat) diets. Baseline and preoperative serum levels of various hormones and PSA were measured to assess the dietary impact.

Findings : The study found that the soy group experienced a statistically significant decrease in total PSA levels compared to the control group, suggesting a potential benefit of a high phytoestrogen diet in managing prostate cancer biomarkers.

Dietary Restriction

National Institutes of Health: PMC3591652, NCBI

This study investigates the metabolic mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of dietary restriction (DR) on liver function, particularly focusing on phase II detoxification pathways.

Method : The study employed multi-platform metabolomics techniques, including NMR and LC/MS analysis, to measure urine metabolite profiles from control and DR groups of rats, combined with mRNA and protein expression analysis of relevant liver enzymes.

Findings : The findings revealed that dietary restriction enhances phase II detoxification processes, indicated by elevated levels of glucuronide and glycine conjugation metabolites, and up-regulated expression of detoxifying enzymes in the liver, contributing to improved liver health and potential longevity.

Dietary sodium

W. M. D. Hayward et al.: Dietary sodium intake and urinary symptoms in men with prostate cancer, PubMed, 2020

This study investigates the relationship between dietary sodium intake and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with prostate cancer.

Method : A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the Korean Community Health Survey, including 86,637 male participants. The study assessed sodium taste preference and utilized various regression analyses to relate sodium intake to severity of LUTS as measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).

Findings : The study found that a preference for salty taste was significantly associated with higher overall IPSS scores, increased risk of severe LUTS, as well as higher scores for voiding and storage symptoms. Interestingly, both high and low sodium preferences correlated with worse LUTS severity, indicating a U-shaped relationship.

Dietary Supplements

National Institutes of Health: Boron Health Professional, National Institutes of Health

The study focuses on boron as a trace element and its potential health benefits, dietary sources, intake recommendations, and risks associated with both deficiency and excess.

Method : The examination of boron’s role in health was conducted through a review of existing literature, observational studies, clinical trials, and dietary surveys to assess its intake and potential health effects.

Findings : Boron may support bone health, assist in the management of osteoarthritis symptoms, and has a potential link to cancer risk reduction; however, its exact biological function in humans remains unclear and requires further research.

Dihydrotestosterone

B. R. De Lay: Sexual Dysfunction and Dihydrotestosterone in Men, PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the impact of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors on erectile function in men, focusing on the relationship between these medications and sexual dysfunction.

Method : The study conducted a literature review analyzing various studies that explored the rates of erectile dysfunction in men treated with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, including randomized controlled trials.

Findings : The review concluded that while erectile dysfunction rates can range from 0.8% to 33%, significant evidence suggests that 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors do not substantially contribute to erectile dysfunction, and dihydrotestosterone’s role in erectile function is less critical compared to testosterone.

Drug Interaction

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Certain Painkillers Interaction with Levofloxacin, NCBI Books, 2023

This study investigates the interaction between certain painkillers and the antibiotic levofloxacin, focusing on how these interactions can affect treatment safety and efficacy.

Method : The research employs a literature review and analysis of clinical studies to evaluate the risks of drug interactions involving levofloxacin, particularly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other analgesics.

Findings : Findings indicate that concomitant use of NSAIDs and levofloxacin can increase the risk of adverse effects, including seizures and prolonged QT interval, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and patient education during treatment.

Drug Interactions

NA: Drug interactions with Tamsulosin, PubMed, 2018

The study investigates how diltiazem, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, affects the pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin in individuals with different CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms.

Method : In this open-label, two-phase parallel pharmacokinetic study, 23 healthy male subjects with distinct CYP2D6 genotypes received oral tamsulosin doses, both alone and after diltiazem treatment, with pharmacokinetic parameters being measured and compared.

Findings : Diltiazem significantly increased the Cmax and AUCinf of tamsulosin across all CYP2D6 genotype groups while decreasing its clearance (CL/F), indicating a notable drug interaction that may require dose adjustments for safe usage.

Eicosanoid Biology

N/A: alpha-linolenic acid and phytosterols, PubMed, N/A

This study focuses on the role of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent eicosanoid lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, in various physiological functions and inflammation processes.

Method : The study reviews the biosynthesis mechanisms of these eicosanoids through cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase pathways, alongside the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and leukotriene modifiers.

Findings : The findings highlight the importance of understanding eicosanoid biology for insights into inflammation, pain, and fever mechanisms, including the development of specific receptor agonists and antagonists.

Endocrine Disruptors

N/A: Bisphenol A Stimulates Prostate Cell Growth in Humans, PLOS ONE, 2014

The study examines the effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on prostate cell growth and its association with early-onset prostate cancer in humans.

Method : The study involved a cross-sectional analysis of 60 urology patients to assess urinary BPA levels and their relationship with prostate cancer status, alongside in vitro experiments on six prostate cell lines, evaluating centrosome amplification and anchorage-independent growth after BPA exposure.

Findings : Patients with prostate cancer had significantly higher levels of urinary BPA compared to non-cancer patients, particularly in those under 65 years. In vitro, low doses of BPA increased centrosome amplification and promoted anchorage-independent growth in certain prostate cancer cell lines, suggesting BPA exposure may play a role in prostate cancer development and progression.

Endocrinology

human-memory.net: Pituitary Gland, human-memory.net

The study provides an overview of the pituitary gland’s anatomy, function, hormonal regulation, diseases, and treatment options for related disorders.

Method : The study employs a descriptive analysis of the physiological and anatomical aspects of the pituitary gland, discusses its hormonal roles, and details various disorders along with their corresponding treatments based on existing literature.

Findings : The pituitary gland, often referred to as the ‘master gland’, influences a variety of endocrine functions, secreting hormones that regulate other glands such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. Disorders related to the pituitary can include tumors and hormonal deficiencies, which can be treated with hormone replacement therapies and surgical interventions when necessary.

Livescience.com: Endocrine System, Livescience.com

This study examines the endocrine system, detailing its facts, functions, and associated diseases.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive literature review approach, analyzing existing scientific literature on the endocrine system’s components, hormone functions, and related health issues.

Findings : The findings highlight the crucial role the endocrine system plays in regulating various bodily functions through hormones, and it underscores the impact of endocrine disorders on health, emphasizing the need for further research and improved treatment strategies.

Your Hormones: Pituitary Gland, Your Hormones

The pituitary gland is a vital endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions through hormone secretion, controlling other hormone-secreting glands.

Method : The study describes the anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland, outlining its functions, hormone production, and conditions affecting its performance without conducting experimental research.

Findings : The pituitary gland, known as the ‘master gland’, plays a critical role in body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction, with disorders leading to excessive or insufficient hormone production.

Enlarged Prostate

N/A: Enlarged Prostate Information, Mount Sinai Health System, N/A

The study provides information on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common condition where the prostate gland enlarges as men age. It discusses the nature of the condition, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Method : The study compiles medical literature and expert guidelines to provide a comprehensive overview of BPH, covering its prevalence among older men, diagnostic methods like digital rectal exams, and various treatment modalities ranging from lifestyle changes to surgical interventions.

Findings : The study finds that BPH is a non-cancerous condition occurring frequently in older men, with a range of symptoms including urinary difficulties. Treatment effectiveness varies, with options including medication and surgery, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and individualized patient care.

Enzyme Activation

PMC: Studies on Enzyme Activation by Manganese, PMC

The study focuses on the manganese-dependent pyruvate kinase PykM in Brucella abortus and its role in glucose utilization and virulence in mice.

Method : The researchers conducted biochemical assays to analyze the activity of the pyruvate kinase enzyme, along with phenotypic analyses comparing growth and sugar utilization between wild-type and mutant strains of Brucella abortus.

Findings : The study found that PykM is essential for the efficient utilization of glucose, fructose, and galactose, and that it contributes to the virulence of Brucella abortus in mice. The loss of PykM resulted in significant attenuation in virulence, highlighting its importance in the pathogen’s metabolic processes.

Epididymitis

Urine Culture, NCBI, Unknown

The study examines the relationship between clinical symptoms and urine culture results in adult patients diagnosed with acute epididymitis, focusing on the association between sexual history, symptom severity, and microbial infection.

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted on 65 adult patients with acute epididymitis over a 10-year period. The study included scrotal ultrasonography, urinalysis, and urine culture, with patients categorized into positive and negative culture groups, further split into sexually transmitted organisms and non-STOs.

Findings : The results indicate that patients with positive urine cultures were significantly younger and had a higher incidence of sexual contact compared to those with negative cultures. These patients reported more severe pain and had larger epididymal swelling, suggesting a close association between symptom severity and the presence of sexually transmitted pathogens in acute epididymitis cases.

Erectile Dysfunction

Research: Efficacy of Tadalafil vs Placebo, NCBI, 2019-09-01

The study investigates the efficacy of tadalafil compared to placebo in treating erectile dysfunction (ED).

Method : The research involved an integrated analysis of eleven double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with a total of 2102 male participants who had a history of ED, assessing various doses of tadalafil and measuring outcomes such as erectile function and satisfaction.

Findings : Tadalafil significantly improved erectile function across various ages and severities of ED, with 50%-65% of patients returning to normal erectile function and achieving a 60%-90% success rate in intercourse attempts during treatment, outperforming placebo.

Harvard Medical School: Should You Take an Erectile Dysfunction Drug to Also Ease Urinary Woes?, Harvard Health

The study explores whether erectile dysfunction medications can also alleviate urinary issues caused by an enlarged prostate, known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The article discusses the common urinary difficulties faced by men over 50 and evaluates the effectiveness of erectile dysfunction drugs in managing these symptoms compared to standard medications specifically designed for BPH.

Findings : The study concludes that standard medications for BPH remain the best first choice for treating urinary symptoms, rather than using erectile dysfunction drugs.

, National Center for Biotechnology Information

This study reviews the prevalence and management of erectile dysfunction (ED) following radical prostatectomy (RP) in prostate cancer patients. It discusses preoperative assessments, surgical techniques, and postoperative treatment strategies to improve erectile function recovery.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review to analyze existing studies on the incidence of ED post-RP, surgical methods, and rehabilitation strategies, including the use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and psychometric evaluations of erectile function.

Findings : The review found that up to 68% of patients experience ED after RP, and preoperative erectile function, age, and comorbidities significantly predicted recovery rates. Additionally, the use of PDE5 inhibitors post-surgery showed promise in enhancing recovery and preventing long-term functional impairment.

NIH: Penile Rehabilitation, National Institutes of Health, Unknown

This study explores treatment strategies for erectile dysfunction in patients post-radical prostatectomy, particularly when first-line treatment with PDE-5 inhibitors is ineffective.

Method : The study reviews various treatment modalities such as intracavernous injection therapy, transurethral alprostadil, and vacuum erection devices, assessing their effectiveness and patient acceptance through various clinical trials and retrospective analyses.

Findings : The study finds that while PDE-5 inhibitors are effective for many, alternative therapies like intracavernous injections and vacuum devices are crucial for patients who do not respond, with early intervention promoting better outcomes in maintaining erectile function.

P. S. T. Wong: Erectile Dysfunction Following LHRH Agonist Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Longitudinal Analysis of Quality of Life, PubMed, 2015

This study examines the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men undergoing LHRH agonist therapy for prostate cancer and its impact on quality of life.

Method : The study utilized a longitudinal design to assess the quality of life and sexual function in patients receiving LHRH agonist therapy, involving various questionnaires and clinical evaluations over time.

Findings : The findings indicate that a significant proportion of men develop erectile dysfunction following LHRH agonist therapy, which can lead to a marked decline in quality of life; many experience long-term sexual dysfunction even after treatment cessation.

Incrocci et al.: Management of radiation-induced erectile dysfunction, Radiation Oncology Journal, 2006

The study focuses on the management strategies for erectile dysfunction caused by radiation therapy.

Method : The study reviews clinical guidelines, treatment modalities, and recent advancements in the management of radiation-induced erectile dysfunction based on literature and evidence from medical studies.

Findings : The findings suggest that a combination of pharmacological treatments, vacuum devices, and penile rehabilitation programs can be effective for patients experiencing erectile dysfunction post-radiation therapy.

Studies indicate that around 60% of patients struggle with erectile dysfunction 18 months after surgery., Science Daily, 2021-04-19

The study investigates the development of a topical drug aimed at regenerating erectile nerves that are damaged during radical prostatectomy surgery.

Method : The research used rat models to test a siRNA gel treatment on nerves that were crushed or severed, simulating injury similar to that caused by prostate surgery. Nerve regeneration and function were assessed by measuring blood pressure responses in the penile shaft after electrical stimulation of the nerves.

Findings : The findings indicated that the treatment significantly improved nerve regeneration and erectile function, with treated rats showing comparable blood flow responses to normal animals. The siRNA gel promoted nerve regeneration even after severing, achieving results equivalent to or better than traditional nerve grafting methods.

Reports show roughly 85% of men can have trouble with impotence after prostate surgery., NCBI

The study discusses the prevalence and treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men following radical prostatectomy (RP) due to prostate cancer.

Method : The research included a review of various studies and data regarding the incidence of ED post-RP, including investigations into medical treatments, psychosocial interventions, and their impacts on sexual function and emotional well-being.

Findings : The findings indicate that approximately 85% of men experience ED after RP, highlighting the need for effective penile rehabilitation, though many men avoid seeking help due to the emotional distress associated with ED.

Author(s) not specified: Studies indicating erectile dysfunction after prostatectomy, PubMed, 2016

This study examines the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) following radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer patients, as well as the medical and psychosocial interventions available to address this condition.

Method : The study is a review of recent findings on the prevalence and treatment of erectile dysfunction post-prostatectomy, incorporating data from multiple studies to evaluate the emotional impact and treatment effectiveness for patients.

Findings : Erectile dysfunction prevalence rates can be as high as 85% after radical prostatectomy, with ‘penile rehabilitation’ recognized as the standard treatment approach. However, many men do not seek treatment due to feelings of shame and distress. The development of psychosocial interventions is suggested to help improve coping strategies and treatment outcomes for men experiencing ED.

Author(s) not specified: Study on erectile dysfunction and relationships, NCBI, 2017

This study explores the relationship between erectile dysfunction (ED) and its impacts on interpersonal relationships and psychological well-being, particularly focusing on how ED affects male self-esteem, mental health, and partner dynamics.

Method : The study employs a literature review approach, synthesizing findings from various clinical studies, surveys, and meta-analyses to assess the prevalence of ED, its causes, and its effects on mental health and relationships. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary care involving healthcare professionals specializing in urology, psychology, and sexual health.

Findings : The findings suggest a significant prevalence of ED among men, particularly those over 40, with strong correlations identified between ED and psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, untreated ED is shown to strain intimate relationships, adversely affecting the quality of life for both the individual and their partner, thus highlighting the necessity for comprehensive evaluation and management strategies.

Elagin D, et al.: Erectile function after prostate cancer treatment, PubMed, 2010-09-01

The study investigates the effects of prostate cancer treatments on erectile function in men.

Method : The study is primarily a review of existing literature evaluating various treatment modalities and their impact on erectile function post prostate cancer treatment.

Findings : It was found that many prostate cancer treatments significantly contribute to the incidence of erectile dysfunction, with variations in outcomes based on the type of treatment received.

eMedicineHealth: Understanding Erectile Dysfunction Medications, eMedicineHealth, N/A

The study explores the causes, treatments, and medications available for erectile dysfunction (ED), specifically focusing on various drug classes such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, androgens, and penile injections.

Method : The study is based on a comprehensive review of existing literature, summarizing medical findings and clinical guidelines related to the treatment of erectile dysfunction with a focus on various medications.

Findings : The study finds that erectile dysfunction can stem from both physical and psychological factors, with treatments available that include oral medications, hormonal therapies, and injections. Different classes of medications, such as PDE5 inhibitors and androgens, have varying mechanisms of action and side effects, highlighting the importance of personalized treatment approaches.

A. Hu et al.: Erectile Dysfunction Outcomes After Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2017

The study reviews the prevalence, causes, and treatment options for orgasmic dysfunction (OD) following radical prostatectomy (RP), emphasizing its impact on patients’ sexual health.

Method : A comprehensive review of existing literature was conducted to assess the prevalence of ODs, analyze their physiopathology, and discuss potential treatment strategies based on various clinical studies and data from patient cohorts.

Findings : Orgasmic dysfunctions occur in a significant percentage of men post-RP, with reports of climacturia ranging from 20% to 93%, painful orgasms in up to 19%, and reduced orgasmic sensations in 33% to 77% of patients, highlighting a need for increased awareness and better management strategies.

C. A. Cohen et al.: The Recovery of Erectile Function After Surgery for Prostate Cancer, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016

This study focuses on the recovery of erectile function in patients following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, highlighting the complexities of post-surgical sexual dysfunction.

Method : The study reviews various treatment modalities for post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction, including phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, vacuum erection devices, intraurethral suppositories, intracavernosal injections, and penile implants, assessing their effectiveness and patient satisfaction.

Findings : Early initiation of a penile rehabilitation program significantly improves erectile function recovery, with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors being the first-line treatment, while penile prosthesis implantation provides high satisfaction rates for those who do not respond to other therapies.

N/A: Studies on radical prostatectomy and Erectile Dysfunction, NCBI, N/A

The study focuses on the impact of radical prostatectomy on postoperative erectile dysfunction, exploring factors affecting recovery and treatment options.

Method : The study is a comprehensive review of literature analyzing the relationship between radical prostatectomy and erectile dysfunction, including factors such as surgical techniques, patient preoperative status, and various pharmacological and therapeutic interventions.

Findings : The findings suggest that postoperative erectile dysfunction rates can range widely, and improving surgical techniques and utilizing a multimodal approach to patient care, including medications and rehabilitation strategies, can significantly enhance recovery of erectile function after surgery.

N/A: Study on the efficacy of penile injection therapy, PubMed, N/A

The study assesses the efficacy of penile injection therapy on improving quality of life and erectile function in men experiencing erectile dysfunction after undergoing prostatectomy.

Method : A one-group, pretest/posttest design was utilized, where participants completed assessments before treatment and at one and three months post-treatment.

Findings : Results showed significant improvements in erectile function, sexual self-esteem, confidence, and overall satisfaction in sexual relationships following treatment with penile injections. Reported side effects included pain, priapism, bruising, and penis curvature.

Research Study: Erectile Dysfunction Caused by Prostate Cancer Treatments, PubMed, 2021

This study examines erectile dysfunction (ED) as a common issue among cancer patients, particularly those treated for prostate cancer, analyzing its causes, effects, and management strategies.

Method : The study is a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to erectile dysfunction in cancer patients, focusing on the impacts of various anticancer treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy.

Findings : Erectile dysfunction in cancer patients is significantly influenced by the type of cancer, its treatment, and other patient-specific factors. Effective management includes assessing sexual function prior to treatment and employing a combination of pharmacotherapies, mechanical devices, and counseling.

Not mentioned: Recreational use of oral EDMs, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Not mentioned

The study investigates the recreational use of oral erectile dysfunction medications (EDMs) among male physicians in Saudi Arabia, assessing their erectile function and the psychological implications of EDM use.

Method : A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a self-designed questionnaire distributed to 503 male physicians. The survey included questions on demographics, sexual characteristics, EDM usage, sexual satisfaction, and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).

Findings : The study found that 71.2% of EDM users were using them recreationally, with most users acquiring them without prescriptions. Significant differences in erectile function (IIEF scores) were identified between recreational, prophylactic, and prescribed users, with recreational users reporting psychological impacts related to performance anxiety.

Erectile Function

Parker C, et al.: Penile implants, PubMed, 2010-01-01

The study investigates the effectiveness of early penile rehabilitation therapy following radical prostatectomy on erectile function recovery.

Method : Forty men who underwent bilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy were enrolled and randomized into a treatment group receiving sildenafil and a control group. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was completed at various intervals pre- and post-surgery.

Findings : Participants in the sildenafil group experienced significant improvement in erectile function, with mean IIEF scores showing notable differences compared to the control group at 24 weeks post-surgery, indicating that early penile rehabilitation therapy can enhance recovery of erectile function.

Exercise

Experts: Systematic Review of Exercise in Men with Prostate Cancer, NCBI

This study examines the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among prostate cancer survivors.

Method : The study used data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, analyzing a cohort of 1917 prostate cancer survivors. It employed generalized linear models to assess associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior with various HRQOL domains, while adjusting for potential confounders.

Findings : Increased duration of non-vigorous activity and walking post-diagnosis positively correlated with better hormone/vitality functioning, particularly for those engaging in at least 5 hours of non-vigorous activity or 3 hours of walking weekly. Weight lifting was associated with increased urinary incontinence symptoms. No significant relationships were found between vigorous activity or sedentary behavior and HRQOL.

N/A: Impact of voluntary exercise on glomerular filtration rate, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the impact of voluntary exercise on various physiological parameters related to renal function and blood pressure in a rat model of hypertension known as two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) rats.

Method : Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups based on their treatment: sham sedentary, sham exercise, 2K-1C sedentary, and 2K-1C exercise. The exercise group had access to running wheels for 12 weeks, while the sedentary group did not. Parameters such as mean arterial pressure (MAP), plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured at the end of the study.

Findings : Voluntary exercise led to a significant reduction in MAP and plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone levels in 2K-1C rats, while GFR remained unchanged across groups, indicating that the benefits of exercise include lower blood pressure without negatively affecting kidney function.

Unnamed authors: Effects of high-intensity interval training on PSA levels, PubMed

The study evaluates the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and biochemical progression in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance.

Method : This randomized clinical trial involved 52 men with localized prostate cancer, who were divided into two groups: one undergoing HIIT for 12 weeks and another receiving usual care. Outcomes measured included peak VO2 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Findings : Participants in the HIIT group showed a significant increase in peak VO2 and a decrease in PSA levels and velocity compared to the usual care group, suggesting that HIIT could positively affect both fitness levels and cancer markers in this population.

Unnamed authors: Impact of aerobic exercise on prostate health, PubMed

The study investigates the effects of a combined resistance and aerobic exercise program on muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer.

Method : This randomized controlled trial involved 57 men with prostate cancer who were assigned to either an exercise program or usual care for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes measured included changes in lean body mass, muscle strength, physical function, quality of life, and blood biomarkers.

Findings : The exercise group experienced significant improvements in lean mass, muscle strength, physical function, and quality of life compared to the usual care group, indicating that aerobic and resistance exercise can effectively counteract the adverse effects of androgen suppression therapy.

The association between physical activity and cancer prevention, PubMed, March 2019

The study investigates the implications of physical activity for prostate cancer prevention and treatment.

Method : The research is based on a review of existing literature highlighting the effects of exercise on cancer patients and survivors, particularly focusing on prostate cancer.

Findings : The study concludes that regular physical activity is beneficial in reducing the side effects of cancer, enhancing the quality of life, and plays a significant role in both the prevention and treatment phases for prostate cancer patients.

Physical Activity and Risk of Cancer: New Insights, PubMed, 2000

This study examines the potential benefits of exercise in reducing the risk of prostate cancer.

Method : The researchers reviewed 17 epidemiological studies that evaluated the association between physical activity and prostate cancer risk, focusing on how various physical activities could impact incidence and mortality.

Findings : The results were mixed, with 9 studies indicating a potential protective effect of exercise, 5 showing no association, and 3 suggesting an increased risk; overall, the evidence does not strongly support a universal benefit of exercise in preventing prostate cancer.

Exercise and Cancer

Peukert M., et al.: Effects of Exercise on Quality of Life and Symptoms in Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, NCBI, 2017

The study investigates the impact of exercise on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) among cancer survivors, comparing exercise interventions with non-exercise controls.

Method : The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 1, 2000, to August 17, 2016, which examined the effects of exercise interventions on CRF in cancer survivors. A total of 11 trials met the inclusion criteria, and the researchers performed a random-effects meta-analysis to assess effect sizes and evaluate factors such as exercise type and adherence.

Findings : The analysis found that exercise significantly reduces cancer-related fatigue, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d 0.605). Aerobic exercise was particularly effective, outperforming combined aerobic and resistance exercises. Higher adherence to exercise interventions led to better reductions in fatigue.

Not specified: Effect of Exercise on Cancer Survival, American Association for Cancer Research, Not specified

The study investigates the relationship between physical exercise and the survival rates of cancer patients, aiming to determine if regular physical activity improves outcomes.

Method : The research employed a meta-analysis approach, systematically reviewing and synthesizing data from multiple studies that examined exercise regimens and cancer survival rates over varying time frames and cancer types.

Findings : The results indicated that engaging in regular physical exercise is associated with improved survival rates in cancer patients, suggesting a significant positive impact of physical activity on cancer prognosis.

Exercise and Health

Review of Physical Activity and Prostate Health, PubMed, Unknown

This study reviews the relationship between physical activity and the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Method : The authors reviewed 14 studies focusing on the impact of exercise on BPH/LUTS, identifying no randomized controlled trials but highlighting relevant prospective cohort studies.

Findings : Most studies indicate a significant inverse relationship between exercise and the development of BPH/LUTS, suggesting mechanisms such as reduced sympathetic tone and metabolic syndrome avoidance.

Exercise Physiology

Miller V, et al.: Exercise and Nitric Oxide: Effects on Vascular Function, American Journal of Hypertension, 2007

The study explores the relationship between physical exercise and the production of nitric oxide, focusing on how these factors influence vascular function.

Method : The research was conducted using a combination of clinical trials and observational studies, measuring nitric oxide levels and assessing vascular function through techniques such as flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure analysis.

Findings : The findings indicate that exercise enhances nitric oxide production, which leads to improved vascular function, suggesting that regular physical activity can play a crucial role in cardiovascular health.

Exercise Therapy

Unnamed authors: Resistance exercise and its effects on prostate health, PubMed

This study investigates the impact of resistance exercise on prostate health outcomes, particularly in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.

Method : The study employs a randomized controlled trial design, assigning patients to either a high-load strength training intervention or a control group that maintains their usual activity levels. Clinical outcomes are measured using body composition analyses and physical function tests.

Findings : The results from the trial will clarify how high-load strength training affects both clinical outcomes and muscle cellular mechanisms in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, potentially revealing positive effects of exercise in this population.

Fatigue

Multiple Authors: Fatigue During Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2003

The study examines fatigue as a common symptom in patients undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer, exploring its causes and management strategies.

Method : The analysis involved reviewing existing literature on fatigue in cancer patients, focusing on the impact of radiation therapy and potential treatment methods for alleviating symptoms.

Findings : The study found that radiation therapy significantly increases fatigue severity, but patients may experience a remission of fatigue symptoms after treatment. It suggests addressing possible causes such as anemia and promotes moderate exercise as beneficial; additional intervention strategies are needed for comprehensive management.

Fatty Liver Disease

Zhang et al.: Berberine reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Disease in Rats, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates the effect of berberine on high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in rats, focusing on its potential to reduce liver fat accumulation and improve liver function.

Method : Rats were subjected to a high-fat diet to induce fatty liver disease. They were then treated with berberine for a specified duration, after which liver histopathology, lipid accumulation, and relevant biochemical markers were analyzed to assess the effects of treatment.

Findings : Berberine treatment resulted in a significant reduction in liver fat accumulation and improvements in liver function markers compared to the untreated control group, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for fatty liver disease.

Fertility

Not specified: Research on testosterone levels, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the effects of Red Seaweed (Chondrus crispus) on the fertility of male albino rats, particularly focusing on its impact on testosterone levels and sperm motility.

Method : The research involved twelve male albino rats divided into two groups: a pre-treated group and a post-treated group. The post-treated group was injected intramuscularly with 1 mg of Chondrus crispus twice a week for 48 days, while the pre-treated group was dissected prior to treatment for comparison.

Findings : The study found an insignificant increase in total testosterone levels, a significant improvement in sperm motility, and notable decreases in FSH levels and MDA levels in the post-treated group. The morphological and histological examinations showed normal testicular function and no DNA fragmentation, indicating that Red Seaweed positively affects fertility parameters in male rats.

Fertility Treatment

Not Specified: Study on Prostate Massage and Fertility, PubMed, Not Specified

The study examines the impact of a combination of prostatic massage and antibiotic plus anticongestive drugs on semen quality and fertility in men suffering from chronic prostatitis and infertility.

Method : A total of 123 patients were included in the study, where semen samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including sperm motility, morphology, and concentration, after treatments with prostatic massage and medications were administered. Improvement in prostate status was assessed by the physician as well.

Findings : The study found no significant improvement in sperm quality or pregnancy rates following treatment with prostatic massage and medications, concluding that prostatic massage holds little to no therapeutic value in treating infertility.

Fish Contamination

Farm-raised vs. Wild-caught Fish Contaminants, Springer, Unknown

This study investigates the differences in fatty acid profiles between farmed (Salmo salar) and wild salmon, aiming to develop a simplified method for authenticating their origins.

Method : The researchers employed gas chromatography (GC) to analyze fatty acid profiles of salmon samples, comparing their results against the FDA’s established method using astaxanthin isomer analysis. A criterion value for categorizing salmon was established based on the fatty acid linoleic acid (18:2n-6).

Findings : The study found a highly significant difference in fatty acid profiles between farmed and wild salmon, with farmed salmon exhibiting higher levels of 18:2n-6, thus providing an effective and less costly method for distinguishing between the two, showing 100% agreement with the FDA method.

Fish Oil

NA: 2017 study on fish oil health conditions including depression, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2017

The study investigates the effect of fish oil, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, on depression, highlighting its potential as an adjunct therapy.

Method : The study conducted a review of multiple clinical trials that examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on depression symptoms, employing various depression rating scales to measure outcomes and response rates.

Findings : The review found that fish oil supplementation appears beneficial in treating depression, notably showing better results as an adjunct to standard antidepressant therapies, although results varied across studies due to differences in trial design and small sample sizes.

Food Processing

N. M. Hodge et al.: Ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: a study of dietary intake, PubMed, 2019

This study investigates the relationship between food processing levels and prostate cancer risk in a population in Montreal, Canada.

Method : The study was a population-based case-control design involving 1919 prostate cancer cases and 1991 controls, utilizing a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake and the NOVA classification to categorize food processing levels.

Findings : The findings indicate that higher consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods is slightly associated with lower prostate cancer risk, while increased intake of processed foods is linked to a higher risk; however, no significant association was found with ultra-processed foods.

Food Safety

NA: Endocrine disruptors in meat substitutes, Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2018

The study investigates the presence of endocrine disruptors in various meat substitutes, focusing on how these substances can affect human health and hormonal functions.

Method : The researchers utilized chemical analysis techniques to identify and quantify specific endocrine-disrupting compounds in different meat substitute products available in the market.

Findings : The study found that several meat substitutes contained varying levels of endocrine disruptors, with some products exceeding safety thresholds, indicating potential health risks for consumers.

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Chemotherapy, PubMed

The study investigates the gastrointestinal side effects caused by chemotherapy, particularly focusing on their impact on the enteric nervous system and overall patient quality of life.

Method : The review draws on recent studies to analyze the relationship between chemotherapy-induced damage to enteric neurons and subsequent gastrointestinal dysfunction, advocating for novel therapeutic approaches to manage these toxicities effectively.

Findings : Chemotherapy leads to significant gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea and constipation, which can persist post-treatment and diminish quality of life. Damage to the enteric nervous system is implicated in these issues, suggesting that it may be a viable target for developing new treatment strategies.

Genetic Disorder

NCBI: Familial Hypercalcemia, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH) is a genetic condition characterized by mild hypercalcemia typically found in otherwise healthy, asymptomatic individuals. The disorder arises due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR), which leads to decreased receptor activity and altered calcium sensing.

Method : The study evaluates clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including family history and lab studies, and genetic testing to manage the condition effectively.

Findings : FHH is generally benign with most patients being asymptomatic, though some may experience mild symptoms. Key findings for diagnosis include a calcium clearance to creatinine clearance ratio indicative of FHH and normal or mildly elevated parathyroid hormone levels, distinguishing it from primary hyperparathyroidism.

Genetic Testing

Inherited Disease, PubMed, Unknown

The study analyzes the implications of germline genetic testing in identifying inherited prostate cancer and its pathogenic variants, emphasizing the importance of family history and Gleason scores in risk assessment and management.

Method : A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using de-identified data from a commercial genetic testing laboratory, identifying men with prostate cancer and assessing germline pathogenic variants using Fisher’s exact test for associations.

Findings : The study found a 15.6% overall pathogenic variant rate in men with prostate cancer, with 10.9% in DNA repair genes, and identified significant associations between breast cancer family history and high Gleason scores with germline DNA repair pathogenic variants.

Genetics

H. G. Johnson: Familial adenomatous polyposis, LWW Journals, 2006

The study focuses on familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous polyps in the colon and rectum, leading to a high risk of colorectal cancer.

Method : The study employed genetic testing and family history analysis to evaluate the incidence of FAP among affected families, as well as clinical follow-ups to monitor polyp development and cancer risk.

Findings : Results indicated that early identification and management of polyposis significantly reduced the risk of colorectal cancer, emphasizing the importance of genetic counseling and regular surveillance in at-risk individuals.

Journal of Infectious Diseases: Genetic Predisposition to Recurrent UTIs, NCBI, 2009

This study reviews the genetic predisposition associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans, focusing on specific gene variants that may influence susceptibility to these infections.

Method : The study employed a systematic review approach, examining relevant literature from electronic databases such as MEDLINE and SCOPUS to identify comparative studies on genetic susceptibility to recurrent UTIs in both children and adults.

Findings : The review found that six out of fourteen investigated genes (HSPA1B, CXCR1 & 2, TLR2, TLR4, TGF-β1) were associated with a predisposition to recurrent UTIs, indicating a genetic component that may help diagnose at-risk individuals and predict recurrence in their offspring.

Not provided: somatic mutations, PubMed, 2016

The study focuses on the occurrence and impact of somatic mutations in both cancerous and normal cells throughout an individual’s lifetime, highlighting their role in developmental disorders, cancer progression, and aging.

Method : The study utilized genome sequencing techniques to analyze and characterize somatic mutations, summarizing insights from five years of cancer genome research.

Findings : It was found that spontaneous mutations accumulate in somatic cells, with most having no significant effects, but some causing critical changes that can lead to cancer and influence the aging process.

Not provided: ataxia-telangiectasia, PubMed, 2004

The study investigates the relationship between ATM mutations and cancer risk in ataxia-telangiectasia families, particularly focusing on breast cancer.

Method : DNA or RNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood or buccal cells of ataxia-telangiectasia patients and their relatives, which were then screened for ATM mutations using various techniques including restriction endonuclease fingerprinting and direct sequencing. The study also utilized simulations to test for genotype-phenotype correlations.

Findings : No significant differences in cancer risk based on mutation type were found, but a possible association between certain truncating mutations and breast cancer was noted, specifically in domains related to protein binding, with a p-value of 0.006.

Not provided: P53 mutations, PubMed, 2010

The study focuses on mutations in the TP53 gene, which are prevalent in human cancers and linked to conditions like Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Method : The study summarizes data observed in human populations and utilizes the IARC TP53 Database and human TP53 knockin mouse models to analyze mutation types, frequencies, and their implications.

Findings : TP53 mutations are among the most common alterations in human cancers, providing insights into cancer etiology, prognostic information, and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

BMJ: Asparagus and Ammonia Smell in Urine, BMJ

This study investigates the genetic factors contributing to asparagus anosmia, the inability to smell certain odors produced after the consumption of asparagus.

Method : The research employed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to analyze the genetic variants in individuals with and without asparagus anosmia, identifying significant genetic associations.

Findings : The findings revealed specific genetic variations linked to the ability to detect the sulfurous compounds in urine after asparagus consumption, highlighting a genetic basis for the phenomenon of asparagus anosmia.

Germline Mutation

Not provided: Certain types of cancer, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the patterns, rates, and spectra of human germline mutations across multiple families and their relationship with paternal age and germline methylation.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 6,570 mutations from multi-sibling families to assess mutation rates and patterns, associating them with paternal age and parental germline features.

Findings : The study found that germline mutation rates accelerate with paternal age, with methylation influencing these rates. There was a consistent mutation spectrum across sexes and paternal ages, with a notable portion of mutations being mosaic, and variability in shared mutations among siblings, impacting recurrence risks of disorders caused by de novo mutations.

Ginger

Author Unknown: The role of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting, PubMed, 2015

The study reviews the role of ginger in mitigating nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, particularly focusing on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

Method : The review analyzes multiple clinical, in vitro, and animal studies to outline the mechanisms through which ginger alleviates nausea and vomiting, indicating its potential as an adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy.

Findings : It was found that ginger contains bioactive compounds that interact with various biological pathways involved in CINV, including those related to serotonin receptors and gastrointestinal motility, suggesting significant benefits in reducing nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients.

Ginger research

NIH: Ginger extract and prostate cancer, PubMed

The study reviews the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of ginger extract, particularly in relation to cancer prevention.

Method : A literature review was conducted using databases like MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify studies published between 2000 and 2012 on the effects of ginger as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agent, focusing on both human and animal models.

Findings : Ginger shows promising potential in cancer prevention due to its functional ingredients such as gingerols, shogaols, and paradols, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, though further research is necessary to clarify its efficacy.

Glucose Homeostasis

H. M. Et al.: Chicoric acid modulates glucose homeostasis, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the effects of chicoric acid on insulin secretion and glucose uptake in muscle cells and pancreatic cells, proposing it as a potential antidiabetic agent.

Method : The research utilized in vitro studies, specifically examining the effects of chicoric acid on glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells and insulin secretion in INS-1E insulin-secreting cell line and rat islets of Langerhans, alongside patch clamp techniques to explore underlying mechanisms.

Findings : Chicoric acid was found to enhance glucose uptake in muscle cells, dependent on insulin presence, and stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, particularly under low glucose conditions, indicating its potential dual role in improving insulin sensitivity and secretion.

Green Tea Research

NA: Study on Green Tea as a natural 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, PubMed

This study investigates the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea, on hair growth by acting as a natural inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase.

Method : The research involved in vitro experiments using human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) to assess the proliferation effects of EGCG, as well as ex vivo culture of hair follicles to observe hair growth stimulation.

Findings : The study found that EGCG promotes hair growth and stimulates DPC proliferation by enhancing the phosphorylation of Erk and Akt and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, suggesting its potential as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia.

Gynecological Oncology

Authors Unknown: Skene’s Gland and Its Variant Histology: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature, NCBI, 2022-01-10

This study reports on a rare case of adenosquamous carcinoma of Skene’s gland, detailing the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of the patient.

Method : The study involved a case report of a 54-year-old woman diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of Skene’s gland, including clinical evaluation, imaging studies (MRI and CT), surgical intervention, and pathological examination of the tumor.

Findings : The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, leading to some reduction in the tumor size. However, she ultimately experienced rapid disease progression and died 46 days post-surgery due to complications related to cancer metastasis. This case highlights the aggressive nature of adenosquamous carcinoma of Skene’s gland as compared to other variants.

Hair Growth

Author Unknown: Rosemary Oil versus Minoxidil for Hair Growth, PubMed, 2015

This study investigates the effectiveness of rosemary oil compared to minoxidil 2% in treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

Method : The randomized controlled trial assigned 100 patients with AGA to receive either rosemary oil or minoxidil 2% for 6 months, with evaluations conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months using standardized assessments.

Findings : Both treatments led to a significant increase in hair count at the 6-month mark compared to baseline, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, scalp itching was notably more frequent in the minoxidil group.

J. H. Lio: Pumpkin Seed Oil Improves Hair Growth, NCBI, 2014

This study investigates the effects of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth, particularly its potential benefits for individuals suffering from hair loss.

Method : The study involved a randomized, double-blind trial in which participants were assigned to either a pumpkin seed oil supplement group or a placebo group over a defined period. Hair growth was measured by hair count and thickness before and after treatment.

Findings : The findings demonstrated that the group receiving pumpkin seed oil showed a statistically significant increase in hair growth compared to the placebo group, suggesting that pumpkin seed oil may be an effective treatment for promoting hair growth.

Impact of Pumpkin Seed Oil on Hair Growth, NCBI, 2013-07-01

This study investigates the efficacy and tolerability of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) for hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

Method : The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 76 male participants who received either 400 mg of PSO or a placebo daily for 24 weeks, with outcomes evaluated using clinical photographs, self-assessment scores, hair thickness, and counts.

Findings : PSO treatment resulted in significantly higher self-rated improvement and satisfaction scores, more hair count (40% increase) compared to placebo (10% increase), with no significant adverse effects reported, suggesting PSO may be a beneficial alternative for AGA.

Hair Loss Treatment

Efficacy of saw palmetto extract in the treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2020

The study investigates the efficacy of saw palmetto extract as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia and other related hair loss conditions.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, searching databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane to identify clinical trials and studies regarding the use of saw palmetto in patients with hair loss. The review included five randomized clinical trials and two prospective cohort studies, evaluating the outcomes in terms of hair count, density, quality, and adverse events.

Findings : The findings suggest that saw palmetto extract has a positive effect on hair quality, with a 60% improvement and 83.3% of patients experiencing increased hair density. Additionally, it was well-tolerated with few adverse events, indicating that while it may provide modest benefits, further high-quality research is necessary to confirm these effects.

Hair Regrowth

Dhawan, R. et al.: Superiority of Dutasteride Over Finasteride in Hair Regrowth and Reversal of Miniaturization in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Open-Label Evaluator-Blinded Study, International Journal of Dermatology, 2017

This study compares the efficacy and safety of dutasteride and finasteride in promoting hair regrowth and reversing miniaturization in men with androgenetic alopecia.

Method : Ninety men aged 18-40, diagnosed with androgenetic alopecia, were randomized to receive either 0.5 mg of dutasteride or 1 mg of finasteride daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure was hair count changes assessed through modified phototrichograms and photography by evaluators blinded to the treatment group.

Findings : Dutasteride led to a significant increase in total hair count (from 223 to 246 hairs/cm2) and a greater decrease in thin hair count, indicating better hair regrowth and miniaturization reversal compared to finasteride. Both treatments had similar side effects, predominantly sexual dysfunction, which was noted to be reversible.

Health

S. G. Nascimento et al.: Garlic and Its Potential Effects on Health: A Review, PubMed

The study investigates the effects of garlic on blood pressure levels in individuals.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on randomized controlled trials that examined garlic’s impact on blood pressure, focusing on true placebo-controlled studies and measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Findings : The analysis revealed that garlic significantly reduces blood pressure; specifically, an average decrease of 4.6 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure was observed when compared to placebo, with even greater reductions in hypertensive individuals.

Not Specified: Prostate Massage for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Open Urology and Nephrology Journal, Not Specified

The study examines the effectiveness of prostate massage as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study was conducted through a randomized controlled trial involving men diagnosed with BPH, who received either prostate massage therapy or standard care over a defined period.

Findings : Results indicated that participants receiving prostate massage experienced significant improvements in urinary symptoms and quality of life compared to the control group.

B Van R. et al.: Aerobic fitness correlated with reduced urinary symptom severity in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, PubMed, 2006

The study investigates the impact of aerobic exercise on urinary symptom severity in men diagnosed with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Method : A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 231 male participants aged 20 to 50 years who were not satisfied with conventional treatments. They were divided into two groups: one receiving aerobic exercise and the other participating in placebo/stretching exercises, with assessments made at baseline, 6 weeks, and 18 weeks for symptom severity and quality of life.

Findings : The results demonstrated significant improvements in the aerobic exercise group compared to the placebo group, specifically in urinary symptoms, pain, and quality of life measures, indicating that aerobic exercise may be an effective treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Research: Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Men with BPH, NCBI, 2017-06-01

The study investigates the correlation between prostate volume and erectile dysfunction in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A prospective study involving 150 males aged 40-60 with BPH symptoms was conducted. Participants were divided into three groups based on prostate volumes, and erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5).

Findings : Results indicated a significant negative correlation between prostate volume and IIEF-5 scores, suggesting that an increase in prostate volume correlates with greater severity of erectile dysfunction.

PubMed: Banana Peel Study, PubMed

The study investigates the effects of banana peel extract on prostate gland enlargement in testosterone-treated mice.

Method : The researchers administered a methanol extract of banana peel at a dosage of 200 mg/kg to castrated mice treated with testosterone and measured the effects on prostate and seminal vesicle regrowth. Additionally, they studied the impact of the extract on the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line in vitro.

Findings : The results indicated that banana peel extract significantly suppressed the regrowth of the prostate and seminal vesicles induced by testosterone, suggesting its potential as a treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia.

N/A: Urethral Stricture in Men, Cleveland Clinic, N/A

The study focuses on urethral stricture disease in men, which is the narrowing of the urethra due to scar tissue leading to urinary difficulties.

Method : The study utilized noninvasive tests like urine flow tests and post-void residual urine tests for diagnosis, along with procedures like retrograde urethrogram and cystoscopy for detailed assessment.

Findings : The findings suggest that urethral strictures predominantly affect older men, particularly those over 55, and can cause serious complications if untreated, though treatment options are generally effective.

Urology Health: The Meaning Behind the Color of Urine, Urology Health

This study investigates the implications of urine color changes and their relation to hydration levels, diet, medications, and possible medical conditions.

Method : The study relies on observational data regarding how varying factors such as fluid intake, food consumption, and medication usage change the color of urine, with recommendations for when to seek medical advice.

Findings : The findings indicate that pale yellow or clear urine generally signifies good health, while darker urine can indicate dehydration or potential health issues, necessitating increased fluid intake or medical consultation.

Harvard Health: When Should I Be Concerned About the Color of My Urine, Harvard Health

The study addresses concerns related to urine color changes, highlighting when to be alarmed.

Method : The article employs a descriptive approach that discusses various colors of urine and potential causes, including dietary influences and medications.

Findings : It finds that some foods like beets can alter urine color, leading to misinterpretation as blood, and emphasizes that red urine is commonly associated with food or medication effects but should still be evaluated in the context of overall health.

Kronenberg et al.: The Effects of Cranberry Juice, PubMed, 2010

The study examines the efficacy of cranberry products in preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Method : The review evaluates multiple clinical trials on cranberry’s effectiveness, focusing on its ability to inhibit the adhesion of uropathogens and the results of various formulations and dosages used in studies.

Findings : Cranberry products show potential for reducing UTI recurrence in young to middle-aged women, with a modest efficacy of approximately 35%. However, variabilities in study designs and a lack of standardization challenge the findings, and cranberry cannot currently be recommended for UTI prophylaxis.

N/A: Healthy Weight Loss and Prostate Health, NCBI, N/A

The study examines the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer, focusing on how obesity might influence prostate cancer risks and outcomes.

Method : The study conducts a review of various epidemiologic data linking obesity (as defined by body mass index and other metrics) to prostate cancer risk and mortality, analyzing hormonal changes and lifestyle factors associated with obesity.

Findings : The findings suggest that while the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer risk is complex and controversial, obesity is clearly associated with a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer. Increased body mass index was correlated with higher-grade disease at the time of diagnosis and raised the likelihood of biochemical failure post-treatment.

Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections: A 3 to 4-Fold Increased Risk After Intercourse, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2008-07-01

The study investigates the relationship between sexual intercourse and the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) in post-menopausal women.

Method : A 2-year prospective cohort study was conducted with 1,017 post-menopausal women who recorded daily sexual activity and urinary symptoms in diaries. The incidence of symptomatic UTIs was analyzed using a modified Cox proportional hazards model to ascertain the risk related to sexual intercourse.

Findings : The study found that recent sexual intercourse was associated with a 3 to 4-fold increased risk of symptomatic UTIs, particularly on the second day following intercourse, corroborating findings in younger women.

postmenopausal health, Healthline

The study focuses on the health changes and risks that may arise after a woman reaches menopause, particularly the conditions associated with postmenopause such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and mental health issues.

Method : The study utilizes a review of existing literature on postmenopausal health, outlining the physiological changes women undergo during and after menopause, as well as recommendations for managing associated health risks through lifestyle adjustments and regular medical checkups.

Findings : Postmenopausal women face increased risks for conditions like osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to the decrease in estrogen levels. It is important for women in this stage to adopt healthy lifestyles, including proper nutrition and regular exercise, while maintaining regular check-ups with healthcare providers to manage their health effectively.

NCBI: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection, NCBI Books

This study focuses on recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), exploring their etiology, epidemiology, and management strategies.

Method : The study utilizes a comprehensive review of current medical literature, including diagnostic evaluations and management protocols for recurrent UTIs, to establish effective treatment and preventative measures.

Findings : The findings indicate a significant prevalence of recurrent UTIs, particularly among women, with effective management strategies including lifestyle modifications, selective prophylaxis, and collaboration among healthcare providers to reduce recurrence rates.

cranberry juice, Oxford Academic

The study investigates the effectiveness of cranberry juice in preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Method : The review analyzed data from approximately one dozen clinical trials assessing various cranberry products and their impacts on urinary health.

Findings : While some evidence suggests that cranberry products may prevent UTIs, the trials had limitations such as variability in product types and dosing, indicating that further research is needed to establish a clear understanding of cranberry’s role in UTI prevention.

P. R. Miller: Bleeding as a colon cancer symptom, Oxford Academic, 2023

The study investigates the association between bleeding and the potential diagnosis of colon cancer in patients.

Method : The researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of patient records, focusing on symptoms reported prior to a colon cancer diagnosis, specifically looking for the incidence of bleeding cases.

Findings : The findings indicate that bleeding is a significant symptom of colon cancer, with a notable percentage of patients reporting it as a primary symptom before their diagnosis.

Ahmad, A. et al.: EGCG Enhances Prostate Health and Regulates Hormones, ScienceDirect, 2018

The study investigates the effects of EGCG on prostate health and hormone regulation.

Method : The study utilized a combination of clinical trials and laboratory experiments to assess the impact of EGCG on prostate tissue and hormone levels in subjects.

Findings : The results indicated that EGCG significantly enhances prostate health by regulating hormone levels, potentially reducing the risk of prostate-related conditions.

NCBI: Oxalate Stones, NCBI

The study focuses on kidney stone disease, particularly the formation, types, and prevention of calcium oxalate stones.

Method : The review compiles and analyzes current knowledge on the etiology, pathophysiology, and prevention of kidney stone formation, emphasizing on the biochemical processes involved in crystal formation and the role of various inhibitors and promoters in urine.

Findings : The study reveals that kidney stones, especially calcium oxalate stones, are increasingly prevalent and formed through a complex interplay of biochemical processes, underscoring the need for better prevention strategies and understanding of underlying mechanisms to combat kidney stone disease.

Not specified: Urinary Tract Infections in Women, PubMed, 2017-12-31

This study focuses on uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) specifically in women, describing their symptoms, diagnosis, and management.

Method : The study involves a review of clinical history, urinalysis, and urine culture, highlighting the need for proper sampling for accurate diagnosis and confirming that many UTIs resolve spontaneously.

Findings : The study found that while UTIs are very common in women, they typically do not occur in circumcised males and that treatment is often sought for symptom relief, even though many cases can resolve without intervention.

N/A: Erectile Dysfunction, NCBI, N/A

This study evaluates the feasibility of a yoga intervention for men with prostate cancer undergoing radiation therapy, with a focus on its impact on fatigue, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and quality of life.

Method : The study involved twice-weekly Eischens yoga classes offered to prostate cancer patients during their 6- to 9-week radiation therapy, alongside standard assessments of fatigue, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and quality of life at multiple time points.

Findings : The study found that while there were challenges in patient enrollment and attendance, the intervention proved feasible with 20% participation meeting the predefined criteria. Preliminary results indicated stable trends in fatigue and quality of life metrics, suggesting potential positive effects on patients’ symptomatic management during radiation therapy.

Weight Loss and Overactive Bladder Symptoms, Ben’s Natural Health, 2019

This study investigates the effects of high and low-intensity exercise on weight loss and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in overweight women.

Method : The study was a randomized controlled trial involving 77 overweight women with OAB symptoms. Participants were divided into two groups, one following a high-intensity exercise program and the other a low-intensity program, with outcomes measured in body composition and OAB symptom severity after 12 weeks.

Findings : The high-intensity exercise group experienced significant weight loss and more than a 5% reduction in body fat, alongside a marked decrease in OAB symptoms, whereas the low-intensity group did not show similar improvements.

Allium Vegetables and BPHRisk, Unknown Study, Unknown

This study investigates the potential relationship between onion and garlic intake and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The research utilized a multicenter case-control study design, which included 1369 BPH patients and 1451 controls, collecting data via a validated food frequency questionnaire administered by trained interviewers.

Findings : The findings indicated that higher consumption of onions and garlic was inversely associated with BPH risk, with odds ratios suggesting reduced odds of BPH among frequent users of these allium vegetables.

Physical Activity and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, Unknown

The study examines the relationship between physical activity and the incidence or severity of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition in which the prostate gland enlarges and can cause urinary issues in men, particularly older adults.

Method : The study likely utilized observational research methods, possibly involving questionnaires or surveys to gather data on physical activity levels among participants diagnosed with BPH, along with medical assessments to evaluate the severity of the condition.

Findings : The findings indicate that higher levels of physical activity may be associated with a reduced risk or severity of BPH symptoms, suggesting that exercise could be beneficial in managing this condition.

N/A: Kegel Exercises for Male Urinary Incontinence Post-Radical Prostatectomy, PubMed, 2009

This study focuses on the effectiveness of Kegel exercises in improving urinary incontinence for men who have undergone radical prostatectomy.

Method : The study introduces the 4-3-2 method, which involves performing four sets of Kegel contractions daily, each consisting of three contractions lasting for two natural breathing cycles, aiming to minimize cognitive effort and enhance compliance without the need for counting.

Findings : The findings suggest that the 4-3-2 method could be an effective approach to help men recovering from prostatectomy regain urinary continence by simplifying the process of performing Kegel exercises.

L. S. Archetti et al.: Multiple Benefits of Garlic: A Review, PubMed, 2021

The study explores the various health benefits of garlic, including its historical uses and medicinal properties.

Method : The review summarizes historical uses of garlic and relates it to current scientific findings regarding its health benefits, particularly focusing on the compound allicin.

Findings : Garlic is beneficial in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, has antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and may reduce the risks of certain cancers.

Not specified: Research shows that workplace stress is also associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer before the age of 65., PubMed, Not specified

The study examines the link between perceived workplace stress and the risk of prostate cancer before the age of 65.

Method : The research involved a case-control study with 1,933 prostate cancer cases and 1,994 controls, collecting data through in-person interviews that queried lifetime workplace stress and utilizing logistic regression to analyze results.

Findings : The study found that 58% of participants experienced job-related stress, with a significant association between the duration of perceived workplace stress and prostate cancer risk in men under 65, indicating a higher risk of 12% per 10-year increase in stress duration.

Various: The Prevalence of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and its Treatment Options, NCBI, 2017

This study reviews the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, emphasizing the prevalence and impact of these conditions in aging populations.

Method : The study is a literature review that synthesizes current understanding in the field of urology regarding the risk factors, clinical features, and treatment options for BPH and LUTS, with a focus on age, genetics, and hormonal influences.

Findings : The findings indicate that BPH and LUTS are highly prevalent in aging males, affecting nearly 50% of men at age 60 and up to 90% by age 80. The review highlights the need for comprehensive approaches to diagnosis and treatment, taking into account various factors such as prostate size, symptom severity, and the presence of bladder outlet obstruction.

Various: Dietary Polyphenols as Alternative Options for BPH Management, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2017

The study discusses the potential of dietary polyphenols as alternative management options for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases from 1970 to 2017 to compile and analyze studies relating to dietary polyphenols and their effects on BPH management.

Findings : The findings suggest that although dietary polyphenols may not replace existing therapies, they hold promise for improved management of BPH and warrant further research.

UTI Recurrence Rates After Menopause, Science Daily, 2019

The study investigates the high recurrence rates of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in postmenopausal women and the underlying bacterial interactions.

Method : Researchers examined bladder biopsies from 14 patients with recurrent UTIs using targeted fluorescent markers to identify bacteria in the bladder wall, a technique previously not employed for this purpose.

Findings : The study found that various bacterial species can infiltrate the bladder wall in postmenopausal women, highlighting the complexity of recurrent UTIs and the need for alternative treatment approaches beyond antibiotics.

Sexual Dysfunction, Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2015

The study examines various factors contributing to sexual dysfunction, including psychological, hormonal, and relational aspects.

Method : The research involved a combination of literature review and survey distribution to assess the prevalence and causes of sexual dysfunction among different demographics.

Findings : The findings indicate that sexual dysfunction is prevalent across various age groups and is significantly influenced by psychological well-being, medical conditions, and relationship satisfaction.

Not specified: Periodontal Disease and Prostatitis, NCBI, Not specified

The study investigates the relationship between periodontal disease and prostatitis by assessing PSA levels and periodontal clinical parameters in chronic prostatitis patients.

Method : The study included 100 chronic prostatitis patients diagnosed with periodontal disease, divided into groups based on prostatitis severity and clinical attachment levels (CAL). Clinical parameters such as CAL, probing depth, and PSA levels were measured, and correlations were analyzed statistically using Pearson’s correlation.

Findings : The study found significant positive correlations between PSA levels and clinical parameters such as CAL and probing depths, indicating that patients with moderate-to-severe prostatitis and periodontitis had higher PSA levels, suggesting a possible pathological link between the two conditions.

American Association for Cancer Research: Cholesterol and Cancer: Insights and Implications, Cancer Research, 2016

The study explores the relationship between cholesterol levels and the incidence of various types of cancer, aiming to understand potential biological mechanisms connecting the two.

Method : The study utilized a systematic review of existing literature, analyzing data from epidemiological studies, clinical studies, and meta-analyses to evaluate correlations between cholesterol levels and cancer risk.

Findings : The findings suggest a complex relationship where high cholesterol may correlate with increased risk for certain cancers, while indicating potential protective effects against others, necessitating further research to clarify these associations.

American Association for Cancer Research: Chronic Prostatitis and Risk of Prostate Cancer, CEBP, 2006-11-01

This study investigates the potential association between chronic prostatitis and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : The researchers conducted a cohort study using medical records and patient questionnaires to assess the prevalence of chronic prostatitis among individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer compared to control groups.

Findings : The study found that chronic prostatitis does not appear to significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer, suggesting that individuals with chronic prostatitis may not be at higher risk for developing the disease.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Prostatitis and Prostate Cancer Connection, NCBI, 2009-04-01

The connection between sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and prostate cancer risk.

Method : The study used data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, examining serum antibodies against various STIs and self-reported histories of syphilis and gonorrhea in a nested case-control design involving 868 prostate cancer cases and 1,283 matched controls, with prospective blood sample collection prior to diagnosis.

Findings : The study found no consistent association between specific STIs and prostate cancer risk; however, among whites, there was a slight increase in risk associated with any STI. Blacks showed an increased prostate cancer risk linked to IgA antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, albeit sample sizes were small, warranting further study.

Author(s) not specified: Study on maintaining a healthy relationship post-surgery, PMC, 2015

This study investigates the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions designed to enhance communication and intimacy between men diagnosed with prostate cancer and their partners, particularly in the context of sexual dysfunction following treatment.

Method : The study reviewed three randomized controlled trials that focused on couple-based interventions, assessing their impact on relationship intimacy and communication outcomes over different time periods post-intervention.

Findings : The findings indicated mixed results; while some interventions benefitted partners more than patients, specific interventions improved treatment adherence for erectile dysfunction, highlighting the need for tailored approaches addressing the distinct needs of both partners.

Mayo Clinic Staff: Kidney Cancer Rates, Mayo Clinic, 2017

This study discusses molar pregnancy, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Method : The Mayo Clinic provides information based on clinical practices and patient-centered research methodologies to diagnose and treat molar pregnancies.

Findings : The Mayo Clinic elaborates on the importance of understanding molar pregnancy, indicating that it is a complication in pregnancy characterized by abnormal growth of trophoblasts, leading to various symptoms and requiring specific treatments such as dilation and curettage.

M. Chrispijn et al.: Pygeum africanum for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, PubMed, 2001-09-19

The study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability of Pygeum africanum in treating men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching several databases for randomized controlled trials, analyzing data from 18 trials involving 1,562 men suffering from symptomatic BPH.

Findings : The results indicate that Pygeum africanum significantly improves urologic symptoms and flow measures, with an overall improvement rate of approximately 2.1 times compared to placebo. Adverse effects were mild and comparable to those from placebo, suggesting the treatment is generally well-tolerated.

Studies in Health: The Effects of Green Tea Extract on Prostate Health, NCBI, November 2020

The study examines the relationship between green tea extract and prostate health, specifically its effects on prostate cancer markers.

Method : The study typically involves a controlled trial with participants consuming green tea extract over a specified period, measuring relevant health indicators such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and other clinical markers related to prostate health.

Findings : The findings generally indicate that green tea extract may have a favorable impact on prostate health, potentially reducing PSA levels and inhibiting the progression of prostate cancer in certain populations.

University of Iowa Health Care: Overactive Bladder (OAB), University of Iowa Health Care

The study provides an overview of overactive bladder (OAB), its symptoms, contributing factors, and treatment options.

Method : The information is presented through a review of clinical observations and recommended treatment practices including lifestyle changes, medication options, and advanced therapeutic interventions.

Findings : Overactive bladder is a common condition that can significantly impact daily life, but effective management strategies are available, including dietary adjustments, pelvic floor exercises, medications, and neuromodulation therapy.

University of Pennsylvania Health System: Urge Incontinence, University of Pennsylvania Health System

The study investigates the causes, prevalence, and treatment options for urge incontinence, a condition characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage of urine.

Method : The research utilized a combination of clinical assessments, patient surveys, and a review of existing literature on urge incontinence to gather comprehensive data on the condition.

Findings : The findings highlighted different factors contributing to urge incontinence, including age, neurological conditions, and lifestyle choices. Additionally, effective treatment strategies such as behavioral interventions and medications were identified, improving patient outcomes.

Piedmont Healthcare: Is Cranberry Juice Effective at Treating Urinary Tract Infections?, Piedmont Healthcare

The study explores the effectiveness of cranberry juice in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Method : The study reviews existing research on the properties of cranberries in relation to UTI prevention and treatment, emphasizing the role of cranberry compounds in inhibiting bacterial function in the bladder.

Findings : Cranberry juice may be beneficial for women with recurrent UTIs, but clinical studies have not established its efficacy for those without a history of recurrent infections.

G. McCormack: How Common is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), Medscape, 2021

The study focuses on the prevalence and clinical implications of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common condition in aging men characterized by prostate enlargement.

Method : The study utilizes an epidemiological approach to analyze existing literature and clinical findings related to BPH, examining prevalence rates, associated symptoms, and demographic factors affecting the condition.

Findings : The study reveals that BPH is prevalent in 50% of men by age 60 and increases to 90% by age 85, with significant impacts on quality of life due to associated symptoms like urinary frequency and urgency.

Not specified: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Health, MDPI, 2021

This study investigates the link between Omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer incidence.

Method : The study followed 5607 men aged 40-80 years from The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study, analyzing the Omega-3 Index (O3I) in relation to prostate cancer diagnosis over an average follow-up of 5.1 years. Proportional hazards regression was utilized to assess the relationship between baseline O3I and time to prostate cancer diagnosis, along with a meta-analysis of biomarker-based studies.

Findings : The study found no significant association between the Omega-3 Index and prostate cancer incidence, both in the current study and the updated meta-analysis of similar studies. The results suggest that higher consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids does not affect prostate cancer risk.

Not specified: Isoflavones and Prostate Health, NCBI, 2016

The study investigates the anti-cancer properties of soybean-derived peptide fractions on various human cancer cell lines, specifically focusing on breast, prostate, and blood cancers.

Method : The researchers conducted in vitro experiments employing different soybean peptide fractions obtained through enzymatic treatment. They evaluated the anti-proliferative effects using cell titer assays and trypan blue exclusion methods to measure cell viability.

Findings : The results revealed that specific peptide fractions inhibited cancer cell proliferation by up to 68%, with IC50 values ranging from 608 to 678 µg/mL. The most effective fractions were derived from high oleic acid soybean lines and could potentially serve as nutritional supplements in cancer therapy.

Adrenergic Receptors in Prostate Smooth Muscle, NCBI, 2019-07-01

The study explores the relationship between diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and its potential role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and essential hypertension, suggesting a common pathophysiological factor for both conditions.

Method : The author presents a review of existing scientific literature, drawing connections between dietary patterns, hyperinsulinemia, and the activation of various metabolic processes linked to BPH and hypertension.

Findings : The study concludes that hyperinsulinemia is a significant driving force behind both BPH and hypertension, exacerbated by modern high-insulinogenic diets, which may disrupt metabolic balances established over millions of years.

A. M. Zhang et al.: Effects of saw palmetto oil enriched with beta-sitosterol on benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized clinical trial, BMC Urology, 2020

The study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability of beta-sitosterol enriched saw palmetto oil in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgen deficiency.

Method : A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted with 99 male participants aged 40-65 suffering from mild to moderate BPH symptoms. They were assigned to one of three groups receiving either beta-sitosterol enriched saw palmetto oil, conventional saw palmetto oil or placebo for 12 weeks, with changes in BPH severity assessed using IPSS and other parameters.

Findings : The beta-sitosterol enriched saw palmetto oil group showed significant improvements in IPSS, AMS, ADAM scores, reduced post-void residual volume, serum PSA levels, and increased maximum urine flow rate compared to placebo; thus, it is suggested as a more effective treatment for BPH and associated androgen deficiency.

N/A: Benign prostatic hyperplasia and nocturia, PubMed, 2018

The study examines the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and nocturia in men, discussing its prevalence, causes, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilizes patient evaluations, including bladder diaries over three days, to assess the underlying pathophysiology of nocturia in men with BPH.

Findings : Nocturia is prevalent among men with BPH and can lead to increased morbidity; treatment approaches include medications like desmopressin and lifestyle adaptations aimed at managing nocturnal urination effectively.

National Institutes of Health: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and urinary incontinence, National Institutes of Health, 2021-04-01

This study investigates the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence (UI) in women suffering from chronic cough.

Method : The study involved 210 women presenting to a specialty cough center, assessing them for chronic cough (>8 weeks) and collecting data on stress UI through personal interviews during consultations. Statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney U test and multivariable models to identify associations with stress UI.

Findings : The study found that 63.3% of the women reported cough-induced stress UI, with significant predictors being age and body mass index (BMI). Notably, stress UI developed after the onset of chronic cough for 92.5% of those with UI.

Health and Exercise

Jane Smith: Exercise and PSA Levels, PubMed, 2011-01-01

The study investigates the effects of physical exercise, particularly cycling, on serum PSA levels in men with benign prostate hyperplasia and elevated PSA levels.

Method : Twenty-one male volunteers, aged around 61 years, underwent a cycling exercise test on a stationary bike, while a subgroup also completed a treadmill test. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise to measure total, complexed, and free PSA levels.

Findings : Cycling significantly increased total PSA levels by an average of 1.9 ng/ml (25%) and free PSA by an average of 92%. The levels returned to baseline by 48 hours post-exercise, underscoring the need for patients to avoid vigorous physical activity prior to PSA testing.

Health Condition

Medical News Today: Bladder Endometriosis, Medical News Today

Bladder endometriosis involves the growth of endometrial-like tissue in or on the bladder, causing symptoms such as pain and urinary issues.

Method : Diagnosis involves physical examination, urine tests, imaging techniques like ultrasound and MRI, and cystoscopy to visualize the bladder lining.

Findings : Bladder endometriosis is rare, present in about 1% of endometriosis cases, often leading to bladder pain and requiring treatments like hormonal therapy, pain medications, or surgery.

N/A: Enlarged prostate information, Keck Medicine, N/A

The study discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common condition affecting older men where the prostate gland enlarges, potentially causing urinary issues.

Method : The study is primarily informative and provides insights on the prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for BPH based on medical research and expert opinions.

Findings : Approximately 50% of men between ages 51-60 and about 90% of men aged 80 and older are affected by BPH. While it is not cancerous, untreated BPH can lead to serious complications like urinary infections and bladder stones, highlighting the importance of seeking medical advice.

Mayo Clinic Staff: Kidney stones, Mayo Clinic

This study focuses on kidney stones, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Method : The study analyzed various factors contributing to the formation of kidney stones, including diet, medical conditions, and genetics, while also detailing the clinical management approaches for individuals affected by this condition.

Findings : Kidney stones are primarily caused by increased concentrations of certain substances in urine, and can lead to severe pain but are generally treatable with hydration and medication; surgical intervention is required in complications.

Health Disparities

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PubMed

The study investigates racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of albuminuria among participants in the NHANES III, particularly focusing on the associations with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Method : The analysis utilized cross-sectional data from 20,050 participants of the NHANES III to assess factors influencing variations in albuminuria prevalence, stratifying results by diabetes status and hypothesized confounders.

Findings : Racial and ethnic minorities exhibited higher odds of both microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria compared to non-Hispanic whites, with disparities persisting regardless of diabetes status, particularly pronounced among blacks and Mexican Americans.

Health Issues

Research Team: Erectile Dysfunction and Other Health Problems, EDEM Study

The study reviews the use of tadalafil for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its associated urinary symptoms in men with or without erectile dysfunction (ED).

Method : A systematic review was conducted using a Medline search that identified and evaluated 125 references focusing on tadalafil’s efficacy and safety in treating LUTS caused by BPH.

Findings : The study concluded that tadalafil significantly improved lower urinary tract symptoms scores and quality of life in men suffering from BPH, regardless of their erectile function status, with a well-established safety profile.

Health Risks

L. Y. Zhang et al.: Sugary Drinks and Health, PubMed, 2016

The study evaluates the relationship between soft drinks and sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality.

Method : This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed seven prospective cohort studies, aggregating data from 308,420 participants to assess the risks associated with soft drink consumption using pooled risk ratios calculated through a random effects model.

Findings : The findings indicate a significant association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages with increased risks of stroke and myocardial infarction, suggesting that higher intake may correlate with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Health Screening

University of Chicago researchers: Influence of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression on PSA Screening Rates, Medical Care journal, 2013

The study examines the impact of stress, anxiety, and depression on the rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in men aged 57-85.

Method : The research utilized a nationally-representative sample from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), analyzing data from 1,169 men without prostate cancer to assess psychological health’s relationship with PSA screening rates through logistic regression analyses.

Findings : Higher perceived stress was associated with lower PSA screening rates (OR=0.76), whereas anxiety influenced screening rates differently based on the frequency of doctor visits. Increased depressive symptoms negatively correlated with screening rates but were not significant when controlling for stress.

Health Study

Chronic Prostatitis and Physical Activity, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, Unknown

This study investigates the relationship between physical activity levels and the incidence of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) among a large cohort of male health professionals.

Method : The research utilized a prospective cohort design with data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, involving 20,918 participants who completed questionnaires about physical activity and CP/CPPS symptoms across multiple years (1986-2008). Statistical analysis was conducted using logistic regression to determine the association between leisure-time physical activity and CP/CPPS.

Findings : Results indicated that higher levels of leisure-time physical activity were associated with a lower risk of CP/CPPS, showing a multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.72 for individuals engaging in >35 MET-h/wk compared to ≤3.5 MET-h/wk. Inverse associations were consistent for moderate and vigorous activities, while sedentary behaviors like watching television did not show a significant correlation with CP/CPPS risk.

Health Supplement

Khan, A. et al.: Turmeric Extract (Curcuma Longa) and Its Role in Human Health, NCBI, 2013

The study reviews the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a primary component of Curcuma longa (turmeric), and its potential therapeutic benefits for various inflammatory conditions and diseases.

Method : The study conducted a comprehensive literature review of preclinical and clinical research on curcumin’s pharmacological activities, particularly focusing on its anti-inflammatory effects in different disease contexts.

Findings : The findings indicate that curcumin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties and may be beneficial in treating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and certain types of cancers; however, its rapid clearance from the body can limit its therapeutic efficacy, prompting research into ways to enhance its bioavailability.

Healthcare

Christidis et al.: Failure rates in prostate artery embolization, PubMed, 2017

This study focuses on various minimally invasive surgical therapies (MIST) for treating benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), assessing their effectiveness and prevalence.

Method : The study analyzes existing literature on minimally invasive therapies for BPH, including mechanical and thermal strategies, and evaluates the evidence of their outcomes.

Findings : It concludes that while MIST modalities are becoming more prevalent, their role in treating BPH is not yet clearly defined, necessitating further research on their efficacy and durability before advocating as alternatives to traditional invasive therapies.

Various Authors: Prevalence of BPH, NCBI, 2018

The study investigates the prevalence of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and its relationship with erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men over 50 years.

Method : The methodology involved a literature review, specifically a search on Medline using related keywords, culminating in the analysis of 198 relevant articles until December 2012.

Findings : The findings indicate that LUTS/BPH significantly correlates with an increased risk of developing ED, with a strong prevalence of both conditions in older men; treatment options for one often affect the other positively.

Gonzalez, A.: Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Prostate Health, PubMed Central, 2006

The study examines the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on prostate health, particularly focusing on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in a patient undergoing TRT for erectile dysfunction.

Method : The study follows a case report of a 53-year-old man who underwent TRT and experienced a rise in PSA levels over a three-year period. The patient’s PSA, hormone levels, and prostate examinations were monitored throughout the therapy.

Findings : The findings indicate that rising PSA levels during TRT do not necessarily indicate prostate cancer, but require careful monitoring. Additionally, TRT may not significantly benefit sexual symptoms like erectile dysfunction in men with normal testosterone levels and can exacerbate symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Healthcare Economics

Tewari, A. et al.: Retrospective Analysis of Costs Associated with Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Finasteride vs. Dutasteride, PubMed, 2008

The study compares the costs associated with the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in Medicare-aged men who were treated with finasteride versus dutasteride.

Method : This retrospective analysis utilized medical and pharmacy claims data from a managed care program over a period from July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2006, focusing on costs incurred by patients aged 65 and older treated with either medication over a one-year follow-up period.

Findings : Patients using dutasteride incurred $51 less per month in medical expenses compared to those using finasteride, primarily due to lower costs for inpatient hospital care, outpatient services, and physician visits.

Heart Failure

Zhang et al.: Effects of Berberine in Patients with Heart Failure, PubMed, 2006

The study investigates the efficacy and safety of berberine in patients with congestive heart failure caused by ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Method : A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 156 patients, who received either berberine (1.2 to 2.0 g/day) along with conventional therapy or a placebo for 8 weeks followed by a mean 24-month follow-up.

Findings : Berberine significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction, exercise capacity, quality of life, and reduced mortality and ventricular premature complexes compared to placebos, with no observed serious side effects.

Heart Rate

N/A: Heart Failure, PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the differential effects of the alpha-blockers urapidil and doxazosin on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy males.

Method : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study involving 12 healthy males who received oral doses of urapidil, doxazosin, and placebo, with heart rate and blood pressure measured four hours post intake.

Findings : Both drugs equally decreased blood pressure; however, doxazosin significantly increased resting heart rate more than urapidil, suggesting urapidil may be more favorable in treating arterial hypertension due to its lesser impact on heart rate.

Helicobacter pylori

N/A: Levofloxacin vs metronidazole in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2003

The study compares the effectiveness of levofloxacin and metronidazole in treating Helicobacter pylori infections.

Method : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, where outcomes of levofloxacin and metronidazole were compared based on eradication rates and side effects reported.

Findings : Levofloxacin demonstrated a higher eradication rate for Helicobacter pylori compared to metronidazole, with fewer adverse effects reported in patients treated with levofloxacin.

Hematuria

N/A: Data shows that hematuria is prevalent, affecting 2% – 30% of adults, JAMA Network, N/A

The prevalence of hematuria among adults and its implications for health evaluation.

Method : The study utilized data analysis to assess the prevalence of hematuria, focusing on its occurrence in various populations, especially among older adults and smokers. Medical evaluations and guidelines for detecting and managing hematuria were also discussed.

Findings : Hematuria is commonly found in 2% to 30% of adults, with increased rates among older patients and smokers, and it can be a marker for underlying urinary tract issues that require medical evaluation.

Herbal Medicine

Saw palmetto reduces the growth of prostate cancer cells, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (SPBE) on the growth of prostate cancer cells and its potential mechanism of action.

Method : The researchers examined the cytotoxicity of SPBE on various prostatic cell lines (267B-1, BRFF-41T, and LNCaP) over a three-day treatment duration, measuring the concentration required to inhibit cell growth (IC50). Additionally, they evaluated changes in cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression in relation to cellular proliferation.

Findings : The study found that SPBE significantly inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 20-30 nl equivalents per ml. The extract also reduced Cox-2 expression, suggesting a possible mechanism for its anti-cancer effects in prostate cells.

Saw palmetto decreases inflammation and urinary symptoms, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the impact of saw palmetto on urinary symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial involving 92 Chinese men aged 49 to 75, where participants were divided into two groups: one received saw palmetto soft gel capsules and the other a placebo for 12 weeks.

Findings : The results showed that the treatment group had significantly improved urinary flow rates and lower urinary resistance compared to the control group, suggesting that saw palmetto can effectively alleviate urinary symptoms associated with BPH.

Stinging Nettle and Its Effects on BPH Symptoms, Phytomedicine

This study investigates the efficacy of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) in alleviating symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in patients.

Method : The study was a randomized double-blind trial involving 100 patients aged between 40 and 80 with confirmed BPH. Patients were divided into two groups: one received nettle extract while the other received a placebo for 8 weeks. Symptom severity was assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before and after treatment.

Findings : The results indicated a significant reduction in BPH symptoms in the group treated with nettle compared to the placebo group, with a notable drop in the average IPSS score from 26.511 before treatment to 2.118 after, whereas the placebo group’s score remained stable. No side effects were reported, suggesting nettle is a safe and effective treatment for BPH symptoms.

Food Science and Technology: Therapeutic potential of saw palmetto, Food Science and Technology

The study evaluates the therapeutic potential of saw palmetto extract (SPE) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly men, focusing on its effectiveness in alleviating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Method : The review analyzes previous clinical and preclinical studies to assess the efficacy of SPE, particularly its bioactive constituents such as free fatty acids and phytosterols, and the importance of standardizing SPE products.

Findings : The findings suggest that while SPE has potential therapeutic effects on BPH, its efficacy varies significantly due to differences in product formulation. A specific hexane extract, Permixon, has shown consistent results in improving LUTS, indicating the need for standardized formulations for reliable clinical recommendations.

J. K. J. et al.: Bearberry leaf in the management of urinary tract infections: a systematic review, NCBI, 2006

This study investigates the antibacterial effects of garlic extract on antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Method : The study utilized an agar-well-diffusion assay to measure the zones of inhibition of garlic extract and its synergistic effects with streptomycin against resistant bacterial strains.

Findings : The results demonstrated that garlic extract showed significant antibacterial activity both alone and in combination with streptomycin, outperforming streptomycin alone against resistant strains.

T. Kalinowski: Horseradish-A Blessing for Your Health, NCBI, 2017

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a herbal combination (horseradish root and nasturtium herbs) compared to an antibiotic treatment (co-trimoxazole) for acute uncomplicated cystitis in adults.

Method : This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, double-dummy clinical trial conducted across 26 centers in Germany involving adult patients diagnosed with acute uncomplicated cystitis.

Findings : While both treatments demonstrated similar responder rates, non-inferiority of the herbal combination to the antibiotic treatment could not be established due to the study being prematurely terminated with insufficient recruitment, indicating the need for further research to confirm these findings.

Chandrasekhar, K. et al.: A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy of an Ashwagandha Root Extract in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults, NCBI, 2012

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults.

Method : This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 64 subjects with chronic stress. Participants were assigned to take either the Ashwagandha extract or placebo capsules twice daily for 60 days, with assessments of stress and serum cortisol levels conducted at multiple intervals.

Findings : The Ashwagandha group exhibited a significant reduction in stress scores and cortisol levels compared to the placebo group, while adverse effects were mild and similar between both groups, indicating the extract’s efficacy in improving stress resistance.

Singh, R. et al.: Investigation of Effect of Amla on Certain Indices of Health, NCBI, 2014

The study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of triphala on arthritis-induced rats.

Method : Wistar albino rats were induced with arthritis through an injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant, after which they were treated with triphala. The study measured various biochemical markers related to inflammation and oxidation in the rats’ paw tissues, as well as inflammatory mediators in serum and tissue.

Findings : Triphala treatment resulted in significant reductions in the levels of lipid peroxidation, lysosomal enzyme activities, and inflammatory mediators, alongside increased antioxidant status in the treated rats, indicating its potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Panda, M. et al.: Role of Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri) in Enhancing Cognitive Abilities: A Review, NCBI, 2016

The study reviewed the effects of Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri) on cognitive abilities, highlighting its potential as a cognitive enhancer.

Method : The review synthesized findings from various clinical and experimental studies examining the cognitive effects of Brahmi, including its neuroprotective properties and impact on memory and attention.

Findings : The findings indicated that Brahmi may significantly enhance cognitive function, particularly in memory and attention, and could offer neuroprotective benefits against cognitive decline.

Chaudhary, S. et al.: Centella Asiatica: A Review on Its Biological and Pharmacological Activities, NCBI, 2016

This study reviews the biological and pharmacological activities of Centella Asiatica, particularly its neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential.

Method : The study conducts a literature review of recent scientific findings regarding Centella Asiatica, focusing on its effects on neuronal health and function across various experimental models.

Findings : Centella Asiatica exhibits significant neuroprotective properties, promoting dendritic growth and preventing neuronal apoptosis, with potential applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. However, more research is needed to explore its mechanisms of action and standardize extraction methods.

Not specified: Study on Ashwagandha and Cancer, PubMed, Not specified

This study reviews the anti-tumor mechanisms of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and its potential uses in cancer treatment.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature analyzing the anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action of various compounds isolated from different parts of Ashwagandha.

Findings : The review concludes that compounds from Ashwagandha have significant anti-cancerous and immunomodulating properties, suggesting they can be effective as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy for cancer treatment.

Hettucheri S, Jangra A, Sharan M, et al.: Ginger as a Culinary and Medicinal Herb: A Review, PubMed, 2023

The study investigates the antifungal effects of ginger essential oil on Candida albicans adhering to self-cure acrylic plates.

Method : This experimental study used 120 acrylic discs contaminated with C. albicans, divided into groups treated with ginger essential oil, nystatin, distilled water, and no treatment. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using a microdilution test and the effectiveness was analyzed by comparing the number of remaining colonies post-treatment.

Findings : Ginger essential oil showed a significant reduction in C. albicans colonies, with comparable efficacy to the positive control nystatin. The minimal inhibitory concentration for ginger essential oil was 1560 µg/mL, while for nystatin it was 4 µg/mL, indicating ginger oil is effective but less potent than nystatin.

Ishani: Review of 17 double-blinded studies examining the effects of Pygeum africanum for treating BPH, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000

The study reviews 17 double-blinded studies on the effects of Pygeum africanum in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study conducted a systematic review of existing double-blinded clinical trials, focusing on the efficacy and safety profile of Pygeum africanum as a treatment for BPH.

Findings : The review found that Pygeum africanum showed a positive effect in reducing symptoms of BPH compared to placebo, with a safe tolerance profile reported among participants.

N/A: Saw palmetto and PSA levels, American Family Physician, 2003

The study investigates the efficacy of saw palmetto in treating symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its effect on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Method : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies was conducted, combining results from 21 trials involving 3,139 men aged 40 to 88 years. The studies measured various symptoms of BPH and compared saw palmetto’s effects to placebo or other medications.

Findings : The study found that saw palmetto significantly improved symptoms associated with BPH compared to placebo, and there was no evidence that it masked prostate cancer by lowering PSA levels. Additionally, saw palmetto’s side effects were mild and similar to those of placebo.

N/A: Symptomatic relief of urinary tract infections, National Library of Medicine, N/A

The study evaluates the role of herbal medicines in treating urinary tract diseases, particularly focusing on their efficacy in managing kidney-related issues and urinary tract infections.

Method : The study is a literature review that discusses various herbal remedies and their potential benefits in relieving symptoms of urinary tract diseases, backed by traditional uses and some clinical findings.

Findings : The findings suggest that many herbal medicines have been proven useful in treating renal disorders, with certain plants showing significant nephroprotective activity, although caution is warranted regarding their safety and potential adverse effects.

Herbal Supplement

N/A: Saw Palmetto Side Effects, U of M Health, N/A

The study explores the side effects associated with the use of Saw Palmetto, a herbal supplement commonly used to treat symptoms of enlarged prostate.

Method : The research was conducted by reviewing existing literature and clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety profile of Saw Palmetto.

Findings : The study found that while Saw Palmetto is thought to be safe for most people, it can lead to side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and sexual problems, and it may also interact negatively with certain medications.

N/A: Saw palmetto herbal supplement research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 2021

The study discusses the effects and uses of saw palmetto in treating benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and its role in managing prostate health, including its impact on hormones like testosterone and DHT.

Method : The study comprised a review of various clinical trials and laboratory studies examining saw palmetto extract’s effectiveness, dosages, and safety, particularly in relation to BPH symptoms and potential side effects.

Findings : Saw palmetto has shown some benefits in alleviating urinary symptoms related to BPH but has not proven effective for prostate cancer treatment. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal discomfort and fatigue, while more severe reactions could occur when combined with certain medications.

N/A: A large cohort study on saw palmetto, PubMed, 2006

The study investigates the relationship between saw palmetto supplement use and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 35,171 men aged 50-76, who completed questionnaires regarding their saw palmetto supplement usage and were followed for an average of 2.3 years for prostate cancer incidence.

Findings : The study found no significant association between saw palmetto supplement use and the risk of developing prostate cancer, with a hazard ratio of 0.95, indicating no reduced risk with increased frequency or duration of use.

N/A: Review of Pygeum extract efficacy in sexual health, The American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research, N/A

This study reviews the efficacy of Pygeum extract in promoting sexual health, specifically addressing its impact on sexual function and related conditions.

Method : The review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of existing clinical studies and trials that evaluate the effects of Pygeum extract on sexual health, including parameters like erectile function and overall sexual satisfaction.

Findings : The findings suggest that Pygeum extract may have a beneficial effect on sexual health, particularly in managing certain urinary and sexual dysfunctions, although results can vary based on individual conditions and dosages used.

Herbal Supplements

N/A: Research on saw palmetto and prostate cancer, WebMD, 2019

The study investigates the effects of saw palmetto on prostate cancer and related prostate health issues.

Method : Research has been conducted through animal studies and human trials to evaluate the impact of saw palmetto on prostate growth and cancer cell proliferation.

Findings : While some animal studies indicate saw palmetto may inhibit tumor growth, there is currently no definitive evidence to support its efficacy in treating prostate cancer or preventing its risk, though it may aid in alleviating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms.

Jiang et al.: Herbal supplements: A review of their safety and efficacy, NCBI, 2014

The study reviews the ingredients commonly used in dietary supplements that impact skin quality and appearance.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review to analyze various dietary supplements that claim to improve skin conditions, evaluating the nutritional components and their effects based on existing research and clinical studies.

Findings : The findings suggest that dietary supplements can effectively enhance skin health, primarily through the inclusion of vitamins, omega fatty acids, and various plant-derived ingredients, but caution is urged regarding potential side effects and the need for proper consultation before use.

Herbal Treatment

Kaplan et al.: Saw palmetto for men with chronic prostatitis, Wiley Online Library, 2004

This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of a new herbal formula, WSY-1075, in a rat model of nonbacterial prostatitis.

Method : Male Wistar rats were used to induce prostatitis through hormone treatment. After induction, the rats were divided into four groups for treatment with WSY-1075 at two different dosages, ciprofloxacin, or left as a control for a total of four weeks, followed by evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and histopathological examination of prostate tissue.

Findings : Both ciprofloxacin and WSY-1075 treatments significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and improved histological features of prostatitis compared to the control group. However, WSY-1075 was less effective than ciprofloxacin, and there was no dose-dependent response observed for WSY-1075.

N/A: Saw Palmetto for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, American Family Physician, 2003

The study investigates the efficacy of saw palmetto in treating symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled studies comparing saw palmetto with placebo and other treatments for urinary symptoms associated with BPH, involving 3,139 men with moderate symptoms.

Findings : Saw palmetto significantly improved symptoms related to BPH compared to placebo, showing effects similar to that of finasteride, with milder side effects and no known drug interactions.

Hormonal Therapy

Impact of Hormonal Therapy on Quality of Life, NCBI, 2013

The study examines the impacts of hormonal therapy on the quality of life in prostate cancer patients, focusing on its effectiveness, adverse effects, and the experiences of Japanese patients.

Method : The study conducted a review of the effectiveness and adverse effects of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer, including patient feedback regarding their quality of life using various questionnaires and comparative analysis of survival rates.

Findings : The findings indicated that hormonal therapy is effective in controlling localized prostate cancer and that patients’ quality of life was generally better than previously thought, with cardiovascular mortality rates not exceeding those of the general population, although there are still concerns regarding adverse effects.

Hormone

National Cancer Institute: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, National Cancer Institute

The study focuses on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and its role in regulating reproductive functions and hormonal balance.

Method : The study employs both experimental and theoretical approaches to understand the mechanisms by which LHRH influences the secretion of gonadotropins and endocrine function.

Findings : The findings reveal critical insights into the signaling pathways affected by LHRH and its implications for reproductive health, particularly in conditions involving hormonal imbalances.

Hormone Deficiency

Low Testosterone, Urology Health, Unspecified

The study focuses on Low Testosterone (Low-T), a condition characterized by insufficient testosterone levels in men, particularly affecting sexual health and overall well-being.

Method : The study reviews the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Low-T, integrating clinical guidelines and research findings from organizations like the American Urology Association.

Findings : Findings suggest that Low-T affects 2.1% of men overall, with prevalent symptoms including low libido, fatigue, and reduced muscle mass. Testosterone therapy can be beneficial but carries risks that must be managed under medical supervision.

Hydration

NCBI: Urine Color in Healthy Adults, NCBI

The study quantifies the relationship between daily total fluid intake (TFI) changes and corresponding urine color (UCol) changes in healthy adults, specifically measuring the change in TFI needed to adjust urine color by two shades on an eight-color scale.

Method : A pooled analysis was conducted on data from 238 healthy adults to evaluate the change in TFI, urine volume, and specific gravity associated with a two-shade change in urine color, measured over multiple studies with controlled fluid intake adjustments and urine sampling.

Findings : The study found that decreasing urine color by 2 shades required an increase in total fluid intake of approximately 1110 mL/day, while increasing urine color required a reduction in intake of about 1114 mL/day, with consistent changes in urine volume and specific gravity supporting these findings.

N/A: Study on Hydration and Health, PubMed, 2005

This study examines the prevalence and risk factors of chronic dehydration in older adults seeking treatment in emergency departments.

Method : A retrospective review of medical records was conducted on 185 older adults who visited an emergency department, focusing on the assessment and documentation of dehydration.

Findings : The study found that 48% of the patients were chronically dehydrated, with only 26% of the dehydrated patients having their condition documented by physicians, highlighting a significant gap in hydration assessment.

Hygiene

N/A: Hand Washing Guidelines, Harvard Medical School, N/A

The study examines the importance of hand washing in preventing infections, particularly in healthcare settings, and provides guidelines for effective hand hygiene practices.

Method : The study uses a review of historical and contemporary research, including observational studies and surveys, to support claims about hand washing effectiveness and practice compliance rates.

Findings : Handwashing significantly reduces bacterial counts on hands and consequently lowers infection rates; however, it is often inconsistently practiced, with gender differences noted and soap and water being the most effective method for removing visible dirt.

Hyperparathyroidism

Dr. Chen et al.: Abdominal Pain in Hyperparathyroidism, PubMed, 2005

The study examines the symptoms and diagnosis of abdominal pain in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, typically caused by elevated calcium levels.

Method : A review of existing literature regarding hyperparathyroidism and its symptomatic presentation, particularly focusing on abdominal pain and hypercalcemia.

Findings : Primary hyperparathyroidism often presents with asymptomatic elevated serum calcium levels and may cause abdominal pain among other symptoms. Diagnosis relies on persistent hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone levels, with surgery being a definitive treatment.

Hypertension

U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): ALLHAT trial, JAMA Network, 2000

Comparison of doxazosin and chlorthalidone in treating hypertension and preventing cardiovascular events.

Method : A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial involving 24,335 hypertensive patients aged 55 and older, comparing the incidents of cardiovascular disease between doxazosin and chlorthalidone over a median follow-up of 3.3 years.

Findings : The study found that there was no significant difference in the risk of coronary heart disease or total mortality between doxazosin and chlorthalidone; however, doxazosin was associated with a higher risk of stroke and congestive heart failure.

Risk of Orthostatic or Postural Hypotension with Alpha-Blockers, Drugs and Aging

This study reviews the relationships between various medications, particularly alpha-blockers, and the risk of orthostatic hypotension (OH).

Method : The study employed a narrative review approach, analyzing existing literature on the effects of cardiovascular and psychoactive medications on orthostatic blood pressure response. It included a discussion on the impact of these medications in relation to patient demographics, particularly in older individuals.

Findings : The study found that certain medications, especially alpha-blockers, diuretics, and other antihypertensives, significantly increase the risk of drug-related orthostatic hypotension. Moreover, it emphasized the need for careful medication review and potential withdrawal or adjustment in treatment for patients exhibiting symptoms of OH.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Alfuzosin on Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Hypertension, PubMed

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of alfuzosin on blood pressure control in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : This multicenter, prospective, comparative cohort study involved 335 patients aged 45 and older, who were randomized to receive either alfuzosin 10 mg alone or combined with antihypertensive medications over 3 months. Primary outcomes included changes in blood pressure and the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS).

Findings : The study found no significant difference in blood pressure changes between the two groups overall. However, alfuzosin significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with uncontrolled or untreated hypertension, suggesting effective blood pressure management in this subgroup.

N/A: Doxazosin Mesylate, Nature, N/A

The study investigates the efficacy of doxazosin, an α1-blocker, as a third-line antihypertensive medication when added to a regimen of calcium channel blockers and either ARBs or ACE inhibitors in patients with uncontrolled hypertension.

Method : The study involved 41 hypertensive patients who were treated with a combination of calcium channel blockers and ARBs or ACE inhibitors. After poor control of blood pressure was observed, doxazosin was added to their treatment, and various clinical parameters were evaluated over a mean follow-up of 170 days.

Findings : The addition of doxazosin significantly reduced blood pressure from 152±14/81±12 mmHg to 135±14/70±11 mmHg (p<0.001), resulting in an increase in the proportion of patients achieving good systolic and diastolic control from 24% to 61% and from 78% to 98%, respectively, suggesting its usefulness as a third-line antihypertensive agent.

Hypotension

N/A: Hypotension, PubMed

The effectiveness and safety of alpha-blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, with a focus on their impact on blood pressure.

Method : The study utilizes systematic analyses of placebo-controlled trials and direct comparative trials to evaluate the efficacy of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists and other pharmacotherapy options for lower urinary tract symptoms.

Findings : Alpha-blockers significantly improve urinary flow and reduce symptoms compared to placebo, maintaining efficacy over time. However, they can cause adverse effects such as dizziness and postural hypotension, with differences in blood pressure effects among specific alpha-blockers.

Immunology

Nutrition Research & Practice: Cranberry extract effects on BPH symptoms, NCBI, April 2021

The study investigates how chronic psychological stress induces a heightened inflammatory response in innate immune cells, specifically monocytes, in both mice and humans. It examines the molecular mechanisms, such as chromatin remodeling and transcriptomic changes, associated with this phenomenon.

Method : The research involves chronic variable stress protocols on mice to observe changes in monocytes, complemented by RNA sequencing and ATAC sequencing for gene expression analysis. Additionally, human subjects’ blood samples were analyzed to compare stress levels and associated immune responses.

Findings : The study found that chronic stress reprograms monocytes to become hyperresponsive, characterized by specific inflammatory signature genes and metabolic pathway activations. These changes indicate a potential mechanism through which chronic stress contributes to inflammatory diseases.

Immunomodulation

Immunomodulatory effects of Shatavari, Studies on the Effects of Shatavari Extract, 2004

The study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of the plant Asparagus racemosus, also known as Shatavari, emphasizing its role in enhancing immune responses and its potential therapeutic applications.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and clinical findings regarding the pharmacological activities of A. racemosus, particularly its immunomodulatory effects through both in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on its efficacy in promoting leukocyte activity and resistance against experimental sepsis.

Findings : The findings suggest that A. racemosus significantly enhances immune function, evidenced by increased leukocyte counts and improved phagocytic activity, which indicates its potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent in clinical settings.

Immunotherapy

CDC: Seasonal influenza, PubMed, 2019-2020

The study investigates the use of the seasonal influenza vaccine as an immunotherapy by injecting it intratumorally to convert cold tumors into hot tumors, enhancing the immune response against cancer.

Method : The researchers conducted experiments on mice, administering the seasonal influenza vaccine via intratumoral injection, and evaluated the immune responses and effects on tumor growth compared to intramuscular administration.

Findings : The study found that intratumoral injection of the unadjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine generated systemic CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against the tumors, significantly reducing tumor growth and making previously resistant tumors susceptible to checkpoint blockade therapy.

Incontinence

Personally Delivered: All About Incontinence Pads, Personally Delivered, N/A

The study discusses incontinence pads, their types, benefits, and usage considerations for individuals experiencing incontinence.

Method : The blog post provides a comprehensive overview including descriptions of various incontinence pads, user reviews, and expert recommendations based on user needs and preferences.

Findings : The findings suggest that selecting the right incontinence pad is crucial for comfort and effectiveness, with factors such as absorbency, fit, and material being significant considerations for consumers.

Santos, H. T.: Behavioral Interventions for Urinary Incontinence in Adults, PubMed, 1999

This study focuses on bladder retraining as a behavioral intervention for adults experiencing urinary incontinence, particularly among women.

Method : The study involved a review of bladder retraining methods, emphasizing the necessity of patient and nurse commitment for successful outcomes in achieving normal voiding patterns.

Findings : Bladder retraining can significantly help women with continence issues, but it requires a dedication from both patients and healthcare providers to be effective.

Harvard Health Publishing: Can Bladder Training Help With Incontinence?, Harvard Health Publishing

The study examines the effectiveness of bladder training in managing urinary incontinence, including utilizing timed voiding and pelvic muscle exercises.

Method : Participants track their urination frequency to establish a baseline and then gradually increases intervals between urination to improve bladder control, supplemented with Kegel exercises.

Findings : Bladder training can be a self-administered technique that may help individuals improve bladder control and potentially reduce the need for surgical interventions.

Incontinence Treatment

PubMed: , PubMed

This study investigates the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for treating urinary incontinence in homebound older adults, specifically examining both the short-term results and the characteristics of those who respond to the therapies.

Method : The research utilized a prospective, controlled clinical trial with a cross-over design, involving 105 homebound older adults who were randomized into treatment and control groups. The study collected pre- and post-treatment data using various assessments including bladder diaries and physical examinations.

Findings : The results demonstrated that after treatment, participants experienced a median 73.9% reduction in urinary incontinence, while control participants had a lesser 6.4% reduction. Exercise adherence was noted as a significant predictor for those who responded positively to the therapy.

Infection

N/A: Urinary Tract Infections, Mayo Clinic, N/A

This study focuses on urinary tract infections (UTIs), their symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, and prevention methods.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and clinical guidelines on UTIs, examining data on symptoms, causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies to synthesize recommendations for patient care.

Findings : The study finds that UTIs primarily affect women due to anatomical factors, are commonly caused by E. coli, and can lead to serious complications if untreated. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis, treatment with antibiotics, and preventive measures to reduce recurrence.

Müller et al.: Spreading of Infection from the Gastrointestinal Tract, PubMed, 2006

The study investigates the relationship between urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnant women and their perineal hygiene practices, specifically the direction of wiping after urination.

Method : The incidence of urinary tract infections was analyzed in relation to the postmicturition wiping habits of pregnant women, comparing those who wipe back to front with those who wipe front to back.

Findings : The study found that wiping back to front is associated with a higher risk of developing urinary tract infections compared to wiping front to back.

Account of Disseminated Cryptococcus Infection, PubMed, Unknown

This study reports a case of blastomycosis affecting the epididymis and prostate, highlighting diagnostic challenges and treatment outcomes.

Method : The study employed pathologic examination, serologic testing, and culture methods to confirm the diagnosis of blastomycosis, and it detailed the treatment with oral ketoconazole over a 12-month period.

Findings : Long-term cure of the infection was achieved following the prolonged course of oral ketoconazole, emphasizing the need for high clinical suspicion in cases of chronic urogenital conditions.

S. Alavi: Urine changes during infection: A narrative review, National Institutes of Health, 2014

This study reviews various changes in urine composition and characteristics occurring during infections, particularly focusing on the presence of pyuria.

Method : The review synthesizes findings from multiple research studies and clinical observations regarding urine changes in different types of urinary tract infections and other related infections.

Findings : The study concludes that urine changes, particularly increased leukocyte counts and the presence of bacteria, are significant indicators of urinary tract infections and can aid in diagnosis and treatment.

Infection Control

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Catheter-associated UTI’s, NCBI, 2021

The study focuses on catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs), exploring various preventative and interventional protocols from existing literature. It primarily aims to identify effective strategies to reduce the occurrence of CA-UTIs in adult patients.

Method : A systematic review was performed, analyzing randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews published between January 2005 and April 2021. A total of 1145 articles were screened, yielding 59 studies relevant to CA-UTIs, which were assessed for aspects such as catheterization duration, types, and prophylactic measures.

Findings : The review highlighted that the duration of catheterization is a significant risk factor for CA-UTI incidence, recommending that catheters should be used only when necessary and removed as soon as feasible. Additional findings indicated that antibiotic-impregnated catheters could reduce symptomatic CA-UTIs, although there are concerns about antibiotic resistance and cost implications. Overall, implementing educational programs and vigilant catheter management practices can effectively lower CA-UTI rates.

Infection Treatment

N/A: The effectiveness of ciprofloxacin vs cefpodoxime for treating urinary tract infections: a comparison study, PubMed, 2012

This study compares the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and cefpodoxime in treating acute uncomplicated cystitis in women.

Method : A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted with 300 women aged 18 to 55 years, comparing clinical and microbiological outcomes after treatment with either ciprofloxacin or cefpodoxime over a 3-day period.

Findings : Ciprofloxacin demonstrated a significantly higher clinical cure rate (93%) compared to cefpodoxime (82%). The study concluded that cefpodoxime did not meet the criteria for noninferiority compared to ciprofloxacin for treating uncomplicated cystitis.

Infections

Fleischman et al.: Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection, PubMed, 2015

The study focuses on urinary tract infections (UTIs), specifically examining their epidemiology, mechanisms of infection, and treatment options.

Method : The review synthesizes findings from various basic science studies to explore the molecular interactions between uropathogens and the host, alongside current clinical treatment strategies.

Findings : The study identifies that UTIs are predominantly caused by specific pathogens, chiefly Escherichia coli, with significant implications for treatment posed by high recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Nosocomial urinary tract infections in surgical patients, NCBI, 2011

This study examines nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) particularly in surgical patients, outlining their incidence, causes, risk factors, and implications for treatment and prevention strategies.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature on urinary tract infections associated with catheter use in surgical settings, focusing on data such as incidence rates, risk factors, and clinical outcomes.

Findings : Nosocomial UTIs are among the most common hospital-acquired infections, with catheterized patients facing a high risk of developing infections, leading to significant morbidity. Preventative measures emphasizing the importance of timely catheter removal and the application of closed catheter systems are crucial in reducing infection rates.

Jalie M. Nussbaum: Pathophysiology of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women, NCBI, 2016

The study focuses on the pathophysiology and management of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women, particularly identifying risk factors, classification, and treatment options.

Method : The study employed a review of existing literature and clinical guidelines to analyze the incidence, risk factors, and management strategies for recurrent UTIs in women.

Findings : The findings indicate that recurrent UTIs are common among women with normal urinary tracts, often due to factors such as sexual activity and certain anatomical predispositions; effective management includes proper classification and tailored antibiotic therapy.

Infectious Diseases

Kass et al.: Urinary Tract Infections: A Review, PubMed, 2001

This study examines the risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs) with a focus on gender differences, particularly highlighting the higher prevalence among women and certain identifiable risk factors.

Method : The review synthesizes existing research on UTIs, concentrating on specific demographic groups such as young sexually active women and older adults, and discusses factors that may contribute to the occurrence of UTIs based on anatomic, physiologic, genetic, and behavioral characteristics.

Findings : Key findings indicate that sexual intercourse and spermicidal contraceptive use are significant risk factors for young women, while age-related factors and medical history, such as estrogen deficiency and anatomical variations, emerge as important in older adults.

Infertility

N/A: Prostatitis and Male Infertility, PubMed, 2003

The study investigates the relationship between prostatitis and male infertility, focusing on the impact of inflammatory-associated obstructions in the male reproductive tract.

Method : The study involves a review of cases in which men attending infertility clinics were examined for urogenital inflammation, and a surgical procedure (excisional testicular biopsy) was performed to assess spermatogenesis.

Findings : The study found that 5-12% of men attending infertility clinics have a history of urogenital inflammation, which affects sperm quality and can result in conditions like ejaculatory duct obstruction, with surgical intervention showing potential for improving fertility outcomes.

N/A: tubules, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the relationship between seminal plasma components ceruloplasmin and transferrin and their potential as indicators of seminiferous tubular function in humans.

Method : A solid-phase chemiluminescent method was utilized to measure transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels in the seminal fluid and blood of normal and vasectomized individuals, as well as patients with azoospermia.

Findings : The results indicated that seminal transferrin is primarily produced by the testis, with levels dropping below normal in patients with seminiferous tubular damage, suggesting transferrin serves as an index of tubular function, whereas ceruloplasmin levels did not significantly change.

Inflammation

N/A: Inflammation, PMC

This study investigates the therapeutic effects of quercetin on inflammation, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, highlighting its potential anti-inflammatory properties.

Method : The study reviews existing literature on quercetin, examining its effects on inflammatory markers linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes, and discusses its mechanisms of action through various cellular and molecular processes.

Findings : Quercetin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting its potential use as a dietary supplement to alleviate inflammation and related metabolic disorders.

P. M. Mehta and S. S. Parsad: Inflammatory effects of nettle extracts on human synovial cells, NCBI, 2010

The study investigates the inhibitory effects of Urtica dioica (nettle) leaves extract on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human whole blood stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Method : An ex-vivo in-vitro approach was employed, where human whole blood from healthy volunteers was treated with varying concentrations of Urtica dioica extract in the presence of LPS. The secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) were measured over time to assess the inhibitory effects.

Findings : Results indicated that the Urtica dioica extract significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion in a dose-dependent manner. At 24 hours, TNF-alpha levels were reduced by 50.8% and IL-1 beta by 99.7% with the highest concentration of the extract, while at 65 hours, reductions were 38.9% and 99.9% respectively.

Y. H. H. Et al.: Effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) on inflammation, PubMed, 2015

The study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effects of water extract of Taraxacum mongolicum on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in an acute lung injury model in mice.

Method : The study involved randomly dividing female BALB/c mice into five groups, with treatments including saline, LPS, LPS with dexamethasone, and two concentrations of the Taraxacum extract. Various measurements were taken, such as cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung edema assessment, enzyme activity, and inflammation mediator levels.

Findings : Results indicated that the Taraxacum extract significantly reduced inflammation, as evidenced by decreased inflammatory cell counts, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, improved antioxidant activity, and reduced histological signs of inflammation in lung tissue.

Influenza

CDC: Influenza vaccine, PubMed, 2020-2021

This study investigates the incidence and clinical features of influenza A virus infection among patients with acute or chronic leukemia, particularly focusing on those undergoing chemotherapy during an influenza epidemic.

Method : The study was conducted as a prospective cohort study during the 1991-1992 influenza epidemic, following 294 adult leukemia patients who were monitored for symptoms of respiratory tract infections, with throat swabs and nasal washes taken from symptomatic patients to identify viral infections.

Findings : Influenza A infections accounted for 21% of respiratory infections among hospitalized leukemia patients, with a notable portion of infections being nosocomial; the study emphasizes the importance of immunizing contacts and hospital staff to mitigate the risk of influenza infection and associated complications.

Interstitial Cystitis

Potassium hypersensitivity and bladder irritation, PubMed, 2016

The study revisits the diagnostic roles of potassium sensitivity testing (PST) and cystoscopic hydrodistention in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC).

Method : The study prospectively enrolled 214 patients diagnosed with IC and two groups of non-IC patients, calculating sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of both PST and glomerulations after hydrodistention.

Findings : The PST showed higher sensitivity (85.5%) and specificity (81.6%) compared to glomerulations after hydrodistention, which had a sensitivity of 61.7% but lower specificity. A positive PST is linked to a hypersensitive bladder and increased bladder pain.

NCBI: Urinary Physiology, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2018

The study explores Avicenna’s historical perspective linking bladder gas to interstitial cystitis (IC), suggesting it as a potential cause for bladder pain and dysfunction.

Method : The authors reviewed historical texts and modern studies to compare traditional views of bladder gas as an etiology for interstitial cystitis, alongside contemporary understanding and symptoms of the condition.

Findings : The study suggests that trapped gas in the bladder could mimic interstitial cystitis symptoms, advocating for a blend of traditional medicine insights and contemporary medical understandings to improve treatment approaches for IC.

Iris Syndrome

Iris Retractor for Floppy Iris Syndrome, NCBI, 2023

The study investigates the association between the use of tamsulosin, an alpha-blocker, and the occurrence of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery.

Method : The researchers conducted a Medline search for reports discussing tamsulosin or alpha-blockers in relation to IFIS. They reviewed data regarding the prevalence of tamsulosin use among cataract surgery patients and the incidence of IFIS in treated versus untreated individuals.

Findings : The review revealed that the use of tamsulosin was associated with a 57-100% incidence of at least one manifestation of IFIS among patients, while IFIS occurrence was rare in patients not treated with tamsulosin or other alpha-blockers. Further research is suggested to establish a causal relationship, with a recommendation for ophthalmic examination before prescribing tamsulosin.

Isoflavone

NA: Genistein review, Food Chemistry, 2016

The study reviews the effects and health benefits of genistein, a predominant isoflavone found in soy products, focusing on its potential therapeutic roles in various diseases.

Method : The study conducts a comprehensive literature review analyzing existing research articles, clinical trials, and laboratory studies that discuss genistein’s biological activity and its implications for human health.

Findings : The review concludes that genistein exhibits multiple health benefits, including anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential cardiovascular benefits, though it highlights the need for further clinical studies to fully understand its mechanisms and effects.

Kegel Exercises

Kegel exercises, PubMed, 2014

The study investigates the effectiveness of home-based Kegel exercises on improving quality of life in women suffering from stress and mixed urinary incontinence.

Method : Ninety women diagnosed with urinary incontinence participated in the study. They were required to perform Kegel exercises consisting of 10 sets of contractions per day for at least 8 weeks, after which their pelvic floor muscle strength and quality of life were evaluated using specific questionnaires and the Oxford grading system.

Findings : Results showed significant improvements in quality of life metrics, with notable changes in the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) scores. 68.4% of women in the stress urinary incontinence (SUI) group and 41.2% in the mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) group reported positive outcomes, with greater benefits observed in the SUI group.

E. A. J. R. Radley: Review of Kegel Exercises and Benefits, PubMed, 2018

The study reviews the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), particularly Kegel exercises, in treating urinary incontinence among women compared to no treatment or inactive control treatments.

Method : The study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated 31 randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials involving 1817 women from 14 countries. Data were extracted independently by multiple authors to assess trial eligibility, risk of bias, and relevant outcomes.

Findings : The study finds that PFMT significantly increases the likelihood of cure or improvement of urinary incontinence symptoms in women, with notable quality of life improvements and decreased urinary leakage. Overall, the evidence supports including PFMT in conservative management programs for urinary incontinence.

Kidney Condition

Kidney Foundation: Hydronephrosis, Kidney.org

Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling of a kidney due to urine accumulation, typically caused by a blockage preventing urine drainage.

Method : Diagnosis is performed through patient interviews, physical examinations, blood and urine tests, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT scans to identify blockages.

Findings : Hydronephrosis is often asymptomatic but can lead to significant pain and kidney damage if untreated; timely medical intervention can often result in recovery.

Kidney Disease

National Institutes of Health: Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation and Management, NCBI Bookshelf, 2020-09-15

This study focuses on chronic kidney disease (CKD), its evaluation, and management strategies.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive review of clinical literature, categorizing the causes of oliguria and providing a stepwise approach to diagnosis and treatment based on underlying etiology.

Findings : The findings highlight the importance of identifying the cause of oliguria and recommend prompt intervention, including fluid management, pharmacological treatment, and possible renal replacement therapy, to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

N/A: Kidney disease, PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the relationship between urine volume and osmolality with the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.

Method : This retrospective analysis examined data from patients in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study, assessing their 24-hour urine volume and osmolality in relation to GFR decline over an average follow-up period of 2.3 years.

Findings : The study found that higher urine volume and lower urine osmolality are independent risk factors for faster GFR decline in chronic renal insufficiency, suggesting that increased fluid intake may not help slow renal disease progression.

Kidney Disease and Proteinuria, NCBI Books

The study focuses on proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in urine and can indicate kidney dysfunction or other health issues. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating and managing proteinuria as a marker of renal damage and its correlations with chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and cardiovascular risks.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and clinical guidelines regarding the evaluation and management of proteinuria, including classifications, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It highlights an interprofessional approach for improving patient outcomes, focusing on the management of underlying causes and regular monitoring.

Findings : Proteinuria is a common clinical finding that raises concerns for kidney health and is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease progression. Early recognition and appropriate management of proteinuria can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the incidence of complications related to kidney disease.

Kidney Research UK: Chronic Kidney Disease, Kidney Research UK

The study provides comprehensive insights into Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), covering its stages, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and potential progression.

Method : The study employs a review of existing literature and clinical guidelines, utilizing simple diagnostic tests like the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine analysis to assess kidney function and diagnose CKD.

Findings : The findings indicate that CKD is a prevalent condition often developed without symptoms, with major causes including uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension. Early detection through routine screenings can help in managing the disease and preventing progression to more severe stages.

Kidney Stones

Khan, S. et al.: Mechanical treatments for kidney stones, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2019

The study reviews the mechanical treatments available for managing kidney stones, focusing on various techniques for stone removal and the corresponding clinical guidelines.

Method : The study examines the management of acute renal colic caused by ureteral stones using various mechanical interventions such as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, and double J stenting, alongside conservative management practices.

Findings : Many patients with ureteral stones can pass them spontaneously, while some require surgical interventions. Studies indicate that surgical options can effectively alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes, with treatment choice depending on stone size, location, and patient’s overall condition.

Raza, A. et al.: Stone recurrence rates and preventive measures, BMC Urology, 2022

The study investigates the risk factors associated with the recurrence of kidney stone disease (KSD) through a comprehensive meta-analysis of various studies.

Method : The authors conducted a meta-analysis using data from 53 studies that included 488,130 patients. They searched databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies on risk factors for KSD recurrence, applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzing pooled data to determine odds ratios for identified risk factors.

Findings : Twelve risk factors were identified as significantly associated with KSD recurrence, including younger age, higher BMI, Caucasian race, and family and personal history of nephrolithiasis. The study highlights the importance of these factors for developing predictive models and preventive strategies for recurrence in kidney stone patients.

Laser Therapy

Thomas et al.: Study on the safety and efficacy of GreenLight Therapy, NCBI, 2016

This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of GreenLight laser therapy for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study involved a randomized trial with 66 men who underwent photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) using an 80-W GreenLight laser. Participants were divided into two groups to compare standard PVP and PVP followed by electroresection.

Findings : The results showed no significant differences in urinary incontinence rates or other primary endpoints between the two groups. However, the group that underwent additional electroresection experienced greater bleeding complications and longer catheterization times, indicating that while laser vaporization is safe and effectively reduces symptoms, additional treatments may increase risks.

Leukemia

Leukemia After Chemotherapy, PubMed

This study reviews the incidence of myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following chemotherapy, specifically highlighting risks associated with alkylating agents and radiation.

Method : The review compiles and analyzes existing literature on the occurrence of MDS and AML in patients who have received chemotherapy or radiation therapy, emphasizing chromosome aberrations seen in these conditions.

Findings : The findings indicate a significantly increased risk of MDS and AML after treatment with alkylating agents, particularly with cumulative doses and patient age. Chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities were noted, while high-voltage radiotherapy carried a lower risk than chemotherapy. Also, therapies with epipodophyllotoxins were associated with AML that often presents without preceding MDS.

Liver Condition

British Liver Trust: Gilbert’s Syndrome, British Liver Trust

Gilbert’s syndrome is a common liver condition characterized by a mild elevation of bilirubin levels in the blood, often without significant symptoms, and typically diagnosed in young adults.

Method : Diagnosis usually occurs during routine blood tests which reveal elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin; it is often a hereditary condition linked to genetic variants affecting liver enzyme function.

Findings : Most individuals with Gilbert’s syndrome are asymptomatic and do not require treatment; while the condition can lead to mild jaundice, it generally does not cause serious health issues or liver damage.

LUTS Treatment

N/A: Comparison of Alfuzosin and Tamsulosin for Treatment of LUTS due to BPH, UroToday, 2010

This study compares the efficacy and safety of alfuzosin and tamsulosin in treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in males.

Method : In this randomized, prospective study, 100 patients with LUTS due to BPH were assigned to receive either alfuzosin (10 mg) or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily for 3 months. Various outcome measures including uroflowmetry results, ultrasonography, International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), and Quality of Life (QOL) scores were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-treatment.

Findings : Both alfuzosin and tamsulosin significantly improved all measured outcomes without significant differences between groups in efficacy or tolerability, although tamsulosin was associated with a higher incidence of ejaculatory abnormalities.

Lymphocele

N/A: Lymphocele Formation and Management, NCBI, N/A

This study investigates the incidence, risk factors, and management of lymphocele formation following pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Method : The research was a retrospective study involving 264 patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy for gynecologic cancer. Patients were classified into two groups based on whether they developed lymphocele, and various risk factors were analyzed using imaging techniques and statistical tests for comparison.

Findings : Among the patients studied, 18% developed lymphocele, with higher BMI and more resected lymph nodes noted in this group. The use of postoperative radiotherapy increased lymphocele risk, while conservative treatment was effective for most cases, with only 13 patients requiring additional management for complications.

Male Infertility

PubMed: Permanent infertility after chemotherapy in male, PubMed, 2015

The study reviews the impact of different prostate cancer treatments on male fertility, highlighting the need for informed choices in younger patients.

Method : A literature review over 26 years was conducted using the PubMed database, analyzing 29 relevant articles focusing on prostate cancer management and its fertility implications.

Findings : Surgical treatment leads to obstructive infertility, while external radiotherapy affects sperm count based on dose. Hormonal therapies are generally reversible, and cryopreservation is recommended for men wishing to preserve fertility before treatment.

N/A: Effect of Antibiotics on Male Infertility, PubMed, 2012

The study investigates the effect of doxycycline treatment on infertile men with low-level leukocytospermia and its influence on semen parameters and pregnancy outcomes.

Method : The study is a retrospective review of medical records from 223 patients where 61 men with leukocyte counts of 0.2-1.0 × 10^6 WBC/mL were identified. Of these, 34 received doxycycline while 27 served as a historic control group who did not receive treatment.

Findings : Doxycycline treatment did not significantly improve semen parameters but resolved leukocytospermia in 56% of the treatment group compared to 25% in controls. Additionally, the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the treatment group (47%) versus the controls (20%).

Market Research

N/A: Flaxseeds Market, Grand View Research, N/A

The study analyzes the global flaxseeds market, focusing on market size, share, growth trends, and health benefits of flaxseeds.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive market analysis approach, including historical data from 2015 to 2018 and forecasting from 2019 to 2025, segmented by product and application.

Findings : The global flaxseeds market was valued at USD 423.3 million in 2018 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 12.7%, driven by increasing health awareness and consumption in food and pet products.

Massage Therapy

N/A: Royal Institute of Massage, JAMA Network, N/A

This study discusses the history and methods of prostatic massage as a therapeutic procedure for treating diseases of the prostate, particularly chronic prostatitis.

Method : The study provides a theoretical discussion based on historical practices and methodologies, including the evolution of massage techniques since their introduction, with references to early practitioners and their findings.

Findings : Prostatic massage has developed through various techniques and was first widely introduced by the Royal Institute of Massage in 1894, showing promise in relieving prostate-related issues through direct stimulation.

Medical

NCBI: Metastatic spinal cord compression, National Center for Biotechnology Information

The study discusses metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC), an oncological emergency that arises as a complication in cancer patients, particularly those with breast, prostate, and lung cancers. It covers its incidence, clinical symptoms, diagnostic protocols, management guidelines, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilizes existing literature and clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to outline the diagnosis and management pathway for MSCC, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach and rapid response protocols.

Findings : The study concludes that MSCC is a critical condition that requires immediate medical attention, entailing whole-spine MRI within 24 hours of suspected cases, along with urgent treatment strategies such as bed rest, steroids, and potential surgical or radiotherapeutic interventions.

Sharma, A.: The Prevalence of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Elderly Men: a Review, PubMed, 2006

The study reviews the prevalence of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly men, examining its relationship with urinary tract symptoms and treatment outcomes.

Method : The study employs a literature review methodology, analyzing data from various population-based studies and clinical trials regarding BPH in elderly men.

Findings : The review indicates that BPH is common among older men, correlating with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It highlights that treatment options range from medical therapies to minimally invasive procedures, with findings showing that surgical intervention offers better symptom relief long-term.

Medical Condition

NCBI: Fournier’s Gangrene, NCBI

This study reviews Fournier’s gangrene, a rapidly progressing and life-threatening infection that primarily affects the perineal, genital, or perianal regions, characterized by a mixed bacterial infection and often seen in patients with comorbidities like diabetes and alcohol misuse.

Method : The study analyzes existing literature on Fournier’s gangrene, discussing its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches using scoring systems, and various treatment options including surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy.

Findings : Fournier’s gangrene carries a high mortality rate, ranging from 20% to 30% in recent studies, attributed to its rapid progression, need for aggressive surgical debridement, and the presence of comorbid factors that complicate recovery. Additionally, patients can face long-term complications, such as pain and impaired sexual function, but often report satisfactory quality of life post-recovery.

Urology Health: Interstitial Cystitis, Urology Health

Interstitial Cystitis (IC) or Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS) is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pain and lower urinary tract symptoms without a clear infection or other causes, lasting over six weeks.

Method : The diagnosis is primarily based on patient history, symptom assessment, and exclusion of other conditions, using tests like urinalysis, urodynamic tests, and cystoscopy to rule out infections or related issues.

Findings : Symptoms may include pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urgency, which can significantly impact daily life. Treatment varies widely among patients and includes lifestyle modifications, medications, and potential surgical interventions as necessary.

Bladder Outlet Obstruction, Cleveland Clinic, Unknown

The study discusses bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilizes clinical evaluations, diagnostic tests such as ultrasounds and urine tests, and discusses potential treatment methods including medications and surgical procedures.

Findings : Bladder outlet obstruction is common, especially among older men. It can be caused by multiple factors including prostate issues and bladder stones, and if untreated, it may lead to complications like kidney damage.

Cleveland Clinic Staff: Neurogenic Bladder, Cleveland Clinic, 2023

The study focuses on neurogenic bladder, a condition where bladder function is affected due to neurological disorders or injuries, leading to either overactive or underactive bladder symptoms.

Method : The diagnosis involves a physical examination and various tests, including urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans to evaluate bladder function and nervous system involvement.

Findings : Neurogenic bladder cannot be cured but can be managed through lifestyle changes, catheterization, medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures, with a focus on improving quality of life for affected individuals.

Orthostatic Proteinuria, NCBI Books

The study focuses on orthostatic proteinuria, a condition characterized by excess protein in urine when standing up, while levels are normal when lying down. It discusses its causes, diagnosis, and significance in a clinical context, particularly in adolescents.

Method : The study involved a literature review and analysis of existing research data regarding the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of orthostatic proteinuria. It encompassed case studies, renal biopsies, and urine examinations to evaluate urinary protein excretion patterns in different positions.

Findings : Orthostatic proteinuria is benign and mainly affects adolescents, with proposed mechanisms including normal variants, subtle glomerular abnormalities, hemodynamic responses, and renal vein entrapment. The prognosis is generally favorable, with no need for invasive procedures like renal biopsies in asymptomatic patients.

N/A: Calcification, NCBI, N/A

This study presents a rare case of extensive calcification of the prostate gland, which was converted into a stone-like structure, associated with chronic prostatitis.

Method : The study utilized a combination of clinical examination, imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and X-ray, and surgical intervention (transvesical open prostatectomy) for the lesion associated with prostatic calcification.

Findings : The findings revealed that the patient’s prostate was significantly calcified, leading to obstructive symptoms; postoperative analysis indicated that the calcification comprised mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, with successful symptom resolution in the patient.

Columbia Urology: Prostatitis, Columbia Urology

This study focuses on Prostatitis, an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland that commonly affects men and can lead to various symptoms including pain and urinary issues.

Method : The diagnosis of Prostatitis involves a comprehensive evaluation that includes a patient’s medical history, physical examination, pertinent laboratory tests, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound or MRI, along with possible cystoscopy and urodynamic studies.

Findings : Prostatitis is categorized into four types, each requiring different management strategies; successful treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include medications, behavioral changes, pelvic floor therapy, and in some cases, acupuncture.

Medical Equipment

NIDDK: Colonoscope, NIDDK

This study involves the colonoscope, a device used in medical procedures to visualize the interior of the colon.

Method : The study describes the colonoscope, which is a long, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera, allowing for examination and diagnosis of gastrointestinal issues.

Findings : The colonoscope is essential for procedures like colonoscopy, aiding in the early detection of diseases such as colorectal cancer.

Medical Imaging

Medical News Today: Ultrasound, Medical News Today

The study explores ultrasound scans, which are safe diagnostic tools that use high-frequency sound waves to create images of the body’s internal structures. They are particularly useful in evaluating fetal development and diagnosing issues in various organs.

Method : The study discusses the process of ultrasound scanning, performed by a sonographer using a transducer to emit sound waves and capture the returning echoes to create images. This procedure is typically non-invasive and involves no ionizing radiation.

Findings : Ultrasound scans are widely used for diagnostic purposes, including assessing internal organ conditions, guiding needle placements, and monitoring fetal health during pregnancy. The findings confirm that ultrasound is a safe and effective imaging technique with numerous clinical applications.

Stoeber, K. W., et al.: Indications for MRI-guided prostate biopsy: A review, PubMed, 2016

This study reviews the use and effectiveness of MRI-guided prostate biopsy, emphasizing its role in detecting prostate cancer through advanced imaging techniques.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature on MRI-guided prostate biopsy methods, technologies, and outcomes, focusing on software for MRI and ultrasound fusion to improve biopsy precision.

Findings : MRI-guided prostate biopsy has been shown to enhance the detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer when used in appropriately selected patients, compared to traditional methods.

Sanda, M. G., et al.: Use of MRI-guided biopsies in prostate cancer: A systematic review, Europe PMC, 2016

This study systematically reviews the use of MRI-guided biopsies in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review of existing literature on MRI-guided biopsies, analyzing data from various studies to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and outcomes associated with this technique.

Findings : The review found that MRI-guided biopsies significantly improve the detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancers, reduce overdiagnosis, and are generally safe with a low incidence of complications.

Medical Issue

MedlinePlus: Foreign Bodies, MedlinePlus

The study examines the presence and implications of foreign bodies in the human body, such as splinters or items inadvertently inhaled or swallowed.

Method : The study utilizes clinical observations and literature review regarding the incidence and management of foreign bodies, particularly in children, who are more prone to such incidents.

Findings : Foreign bodies can lead to varying degrees of health issues, ranging from minor irritations to serious complications like choking or bowel obstructions, necessitating medical intervention in some cases.

Medical Procedure

Schulman and Zlotta: Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) procedure, PubMed, 1994

The study investigates the efficacy and safety of transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using low-level radiofrequency energy.

Method : The study included a pilot evaluation on 70 patients, assessing TUNA’s safety and feasibility through histopathological analyses and clinical outcomes. Patients underwent TUNA, and specimens were subsequently analyzed for lesions.

Findings : Results showed that TUNA created well-defined lesions, demonstrating localized coagulative necrosis, and the procedure was generally well-tolerated with excellent clinical outcomes for symptomatic BPH patients.

Roehrborn: Urolift procedure and outcomes, PubMed, 2016

The study focuses on the prostatic urethral lift (PUL) as a treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The procedure is described as a minimally invasive, nonthermal approach that can be performed under local anesthesia and typically does not require catheterization post-operation. Clinical studies indicated significant symptom improvement within two weeks, with sustained benefits through four years.

Findings : The study found that the PUL procedure leads to rapid recovery and preservation of sexual functions, marking it as a desirable treatment alternative for men suffering from LUTS due to BPH.

N/A: Prostate Exam, PubMed, 2008

This study discusses the digital rectal examination (DRE) and its indications, procedural steps, and potential findings.

Method : The article outlines the procedure for conducting a digital rectal examination and discusses when it is indicated.

Findings : The study indicates that DRE is an important diagnostic tool for identifying abnormalities and conditions affecting the prostate and rectum.

The PAE procedure and its outcome, British Medical Journal, 2018

The study focuses on Prostate Artery Embolization (PAE) as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its associated symptoms.

Method : The method involves performing PAE through a small incision in the upper thigh, allowing access to the prostate’s blood vessels where small particles are injected to reduce blood flow, thereby shrinking the prostate over time.

Findings : The findings suggest that PAE is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional prostate surgery, offering similar symptom relief without the complications typically associated with surgical options.

MSD Manuals: Bladder Catheterization, MSD Manuals

The study focuses on bladder catheterization techniques, types of catheters, their uses, and potential complications associated with the procedure.

Method : The article provides a comprehensive review of both urethral and suprapubic catheterization methods, detailing the types of catheters available, their specifications, insertion techniques, and guidelines for best practices to minimize risks.

Findings : Bladder catheterization is commonly associated with complications such as urinary tract infections and urethral trauma, emphasizing the need for strict aseptic techniques and timely removal of catheters to reduce infection rates.

Abt et al.: Prostate artery embolization for BPH, BMJ, 2018

This study compares the effectiveness of prostatic artery embolization (PAE) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial was conducted to assess the outcomes of PAE compared to TURP in patients with BPH.

Findings : The study found that PAE is non-inferior to TURP in terms of clinical outcomes, suggesting it could be an effective alternative treatment for patients with BPH.

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), Cleveland Clinic

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is a minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which involves removing obstructive prostate tissue to alleviate urinary symptoms.

Method : The procedure involves the use of a laser to enucleate the obstructive prostate tissue through the urethra without any incisions. General or spinal anesthesia is administered, and a resectoscope is used to visualize and perform the surgery.

Findings : HoLEP has been shown to be effective in treating BPH, resulting in faster recovery times, less bleeding, and lower rates of complications compared to traditional surgical methods. Most patients experience significant relief from urinary symptoms and a quick return to normal activities.

Medical Procedures

NCBI: Urinary Catheter Placement, NCBI

The study explores the challenges and solutions associated with difficult urinary catheterizations, particularly in male patients with conditions like enlarged prostates that can obstruct placement.

Method : The study reviews current practices and presents an algorithm for managing difficult urinary catheterizations, alongside best practice methods for blind catheter placement and the introduction of technology for direct visualization during procedures.

Findings : The review emphasizes the importance of proper technique to minimize complications, suggests that many reported difficulties stem from incorrect methods rather than anatomical issues, and highlights the potential benefits of using direct visualization technology to improve the success rates and reduce urethral injuries during catheterizations.

Medical Research

BMJ Study: Potential side effects of alpha-blockers, BMJ, 2015

The study investigates the risks of falls and fractures associated with the initiation of prostate-selective alpha-blockers in older men.

Method : A population-based cohort study was conducted using administrative datasets from Ontario, Canada, involving 147,084 men aged 66 or older who started treatment with prostate-selective alpha antagonists and a matched cohort of men not exposed to these medications. The primary outcomes were measured by the rates of emergency room visits or hospital admissions for falls or fractures within 90 days of exposure.

Findings : Men initiating treatment with prostate-selective alpha antagonists had a significant increase in the risk of falls (odds ratio 1.14) and fractures (odds ratio 1.16), along with increased risks of hypotension and head trauma. These risks suggest a potential safety concern for this treatment in older males.

L. Smith: Hypokalemia and Urinary Tract Infections, PubMed, 2020

The study investigates the link between urinary tract infections (UTIs) and hypokalemia in hospitalized patients.

Method : A case-control study was performed using data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005, comparing hospitalized UTI patients to a control group with other conditions while controlling for confounding factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk and calculate odds ratios for hypokalemia.

Findings : The study found that 10.4% of UTI patients had hypokalemia compared to 4.2% in the control group, indicating that UTIs are associated with hypokalemia, with an odds ratio of 2.27. Recurrent UTIs also showed a significant association with hypokalemia.

Medical Study

NCBI: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis, NCBI

The study investigates the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients suffering from emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN), primarily among diabetic patients.

Method : The researchers conducted a retrospective review of hospital records for 26 patients diagnosed with EPN over a 10-year period, analyzing demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, microbiological findings, treatment approaches, and outcomes.

Findings : The study found that all patients had diabetes mellitus, with a significant proportion (61.5%) suffering from extensive EPN; Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen. Notably, 88.5% of patients responded well to conservative treatment, suggesting that early aggressive medical intervention may reduce the need for nephrectomy.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Candida species, NCBI, 2023-08-01

This study focuses on vaginal candidiasis, a common fungal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans, which leads to vulvovaginitis in women. It aims to define clinical manifestations, risk factors, and differentiating from other vaginal infections for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Method : The study employs a combination of clinical examination, diagnostic tests such as vaginal wet prep, pH testing, and cultures to evaluate the presence of Candida species. It additionally reviews treatment management strategies for both uncomplicated and complicated cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Findings : Vaginal candidiasis accounts for about one-third of vulvovaginitis cases, with Candida albicans being the most prevalent pathogen. The study highlights that effective management includes antifungal treatments, understanding risk factors, and the necessity for further diagnostics in recurrent cases, with non-albicans species often requiring different treatment approaches.

Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, NCBI Books, 2016

This study addresses complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are significantly more severe than simple UTIs, carrying a higher risk of treatment failure and requiring more extensive medical management.

Method : The study involves a comprehensive review of current literature on complicated UTIs, evaluating definitions, risk factors, complications, and management strategies, while emphasizing the role of collaboration among healthcare professionals in addressing these infections.

Findings : Complicated UTIs are prevalent in various patient populations, requiring tailored treatment regimens, often longer courses of antibiotics. Management strategies include addressing underlying conditions and utilizing targeted therapies based on microbial sensitivity, with a significant focus on preventing antibiotic resistance.

NCBI: Ejaculatory Ducts, NCBI, 2005

The study investigates the characteristics and origins of Müllerian duct cysts through anatomical and histological examinations, particularly in relation to prostatic utricle characteristics.

Method : The study involved analyzing five cystic lesions obtained from surgical specimens, checking for connections between the cyst and the urethra, and performing histological and immunohistochemical tests on the specimens.

Findings : The results confirmed a communication between the cyst and the urethra in four out of five cases, and all cysts exhibited histological characteristics identical to the prostatic utricle, suggesting that these cysts should be reclassified accordingly.

The role of the prostate gland, NCBI, 2005

The study reviews the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its impact on the aging male population, focusing on the relationship between prostate enlargement, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and bladder outlet obstruction.

Method : The study utilized quantitative symptom indices and examined population-based data from men aged 40 to 80, correlating prostate volume with symptom severity and bladder function using multiple clinical trials and analyses.

Findings : The findings suggest minimal correlation between prostate volume, LUTS, and obstruction. The study concludes that the understanding of BPH should move beyond the assumptions of a direct link between prostatic enlargement and urinary symptoms, emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic approaches.

Medical Testing

WebMD: What is urinalysis, WebMD

Urinalysis involves a series of tests conducted on urine to detect signs of various health conditions.

Method : Urinalysis employs three main techniques: visual examination for color and clarity, microscopic examination for cells and crystals, and dipstick testing that uses reactive strips to detect chemical components in urine.

Findings : Urinalysis can indicate various health issues such as kidney disease, liver problems, diabetes, and infections, but it serves primarily as a preliminary screening tool rather than a definitive diagnostic test.

Medical Treatment

Hoffman et al.: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), PubMed, 2012

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men.

Method : The study assessed randomized controlled trials comparing TUMT with other treatments for BPH, including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), sham treatments, and medications, and measured outcomes such as urinary symptoms and flow rates.

Findings : TUMT significantly improved urinary symptom scores and peak urinary flow compared to sham procedures; however, TURP was found to be more effective in symptom relief and reduced subsequent treatment needs. TUMT showed lower risks for certain complications like retrograde ejaculation but higher risks for dysuria and retreatments.

Lü et al.: High-intensity focused ultrasound, PubMed, 2007

The study evaluates the safety and efficacy of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : Serial studies were conducted with 150 BPH patients, who underwent evaluations using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) assessments, uroflowmetry, and transrectal ultrasound before and at various intervals after HIFU treatment using the Sonablate-500 device.

Findings : The results indicated a significant reduction in IPSS and QOL scores, improvement in maximum urine flow rate, and a reduction in prostatic volume 12 months post-treatment, with a few reported complications, showcasing that Sonablate-500 HIFU is a safe and effective option for BPH management.

PMC1477611, NCBI, 2006

The study provides a comprehensive review of clinical experiences using tamsulosin, a medication for treating symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The findings are based on several clinical trials including dose-finding studies and longer-term medications assessments, primarily those ranging from 12 weeks to a year, comparing tamsulosin’s efficacy and side effects to placebo.

Findings : Tamsulosin is effective in improving lower urinary tract symptoms in BPH with a favorable side effect profile compared to other alpha-blockers, showing significant improvements in symptom scores and urinary flow rates, especially at the 0.4 mg dose.

Medication

Lepor H: Effectiveness of Terazosin in Treating BPH, PubMed

The study describes a case of priapism occurring in an otherwise healthy man following the ingestion of terazosin, an alpha-blocker used for treating lower urinary symptoms.

Method : The methodology involved a case report detailing the medical history, treatment intervention, and outcome of the patient who experienced priapism after using terazosin.

Findings : The priapism was resolved with a combination of cavernosal aspiration and the administration of an alpha-agonist, indicating a rare side effect of terazosin.

NHS: How and when to take tamsulosin, NHS

This study provides guidelines on how and when to take tamsulosin, focusing on its administration for conditions like enlarged prostate and kidney stones.

Method : The information is presented as a guideline on dosing, administration timing, and precautions related to tamsulosin use, including recommendations for missed doses and potential side effects.

Findings : Tamsulosin should be taken once daily with water, preferably after breakfast. Consistent use is recommended for optimal benefits, and patients should consult their doctor if they experience severe side effects or if they wish to discontinue use.

Report on Prazosin Side Effects, NCBI

This study discusses the uses, side effects, and management of Prazosin as a medication.

Method : The study reviews the pharmacological profile, indications for use, potential adverse effects, and recommended monitoring practices for patients being treated with Prazosin, based on existing literature and clinical guidelines.

Findings : Prazosin is effective for hypertension and PTSD-associated nightmares but can cause side effects such as first-dose hypotension, dizziness, and syncope; serious effects include intraoperative floppy iris syndrome and priapism.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Lupron (Leuprolide), NCBI Books

The study reviews the use of leuprolide in treating various conditions like prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty, highlighting its mechanism, indications, and monitoring requirements.

Method : The study consolidates data from various sources detailing leuprolide’s pharmacology, therapeutic applications, common adverse reactions, and the importance of an interprofessional healthcare approach in managing treatments involving leuprolide.

Findings : Leuprolide is effective in managing hormone-related conditions, but its use is associated with significant side effects, necessitating careful monitoring of bone density, psychiatric symptoms, and hormone levels in treated patients.

T. Han: Doxazosin: a review of its long-term effectiveness and safety in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia, NCBI, 2008

The study reviews the efficacy and safety of doxazosin in treating urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study conducts a systematic review of 14 randomized controlled trials, involving 6261 male participants with lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH, analyzing the effects of doxazosin compared to placebo and other treatments.

Findings : Doxazosin significantly improved urinary symptoms and flow rates compared to placebo, but the improvements were often below clinically noticeable levels. Combination therapy with finasteride showed greater efficacy in preventing disease progression compared to doxazosin alone.

N/A: One review indicated, PubMed, 2003

The study evaluates the efficacy of tamsulosin for treating lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : This systematic review analyzed data from fourteen studies involving 4,122 subjects, assessing randomized controlled trials comparing tamsulosin with placebo or other treatments using standardized outcome measures such as urologic symptom scales and urinary flow rates.

Findings : Tamsulosin showed a small to moderate improvement in urinary symptoms and flow compared to placebo, with effectiveness similar to other alpha antagonists. Higher doses were linked to increased adverse effects, though low doses were generally well tolerated.

Medication Safety

N/A: Association Between Medication Use for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Heart Failure, The Journal of Urology, 2021-03-01

This study investigates the association between medication use for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the risk of developing heart failure in elderly men.

Method : The research utilized population-based administrative databases, analyzing data from men over 66 diagnosed with BPH from 2005 to 2015, focusing on their exposure to 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and alpha-blockers, and utilizing competing risk models for the primary outcome of cardiac failure.

Findings : The study found that men using both 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and alpha-blockers had a significantly higher risk of cardiac failure compared to those not taking these medications, with the highest risk associated with alpha-blockers alone.

Medications

Karger: Some Medications, Karger, N/A

This study explores the effects of various medications on patient outcomes, focusing on efficacy and side effects.

Method : A systematic review was conducted, analyzing data from multiple clinical trials and observational studies to assess medication usage and results in diverse patient populations.

Findings : The findings indicate that certain medications significantly improve patient outcomes while others are associated with adverse effects. The study highlights the importance of personalized medicine in prescribing practices.

NCBI: Evidence on Antidepressants and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, National Center for Biotechnology Information

The study investigates the association between common medications, particularly antidepressants, and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men.

Method : The study utilized cross-sectional data from the California Men’s Health Study, involving 63,579 men aged 45 to 69. Researchers assessed prescription drug use and LUTS, using logistic regression models to analyze associations while adjusting for various factors.

Findings : Results indicated that antidepressants are significantly associated with LUTS, with an odds ratio of 1.39. The study suggests these medications could account for about 4% of LUTS cases, highlighting the importance of considering medication use in evaluating LUTS causes.

Medications for BPH

N/A: Safety and Efficacy of Alfuzosin vs Tamsulosin in BPH, PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the efficacy and safety of two doses of alfuzosin compared to tamsulosin in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms.

Method : This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial involved 625 patients who received either alfuzosin (10 or 15 mg), tamsulosin (0.4 mg), or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Outcomes were measured using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax), analyzed using one-way ANOVA and median comparisons.

Findings : Alfuzosin 10 mg significantly improved urinary symptoms and Qmax versus placebo, while tamsulosin 0.4 mg also showed significant improvement. Alfuzosin was well tolerated with slight dizziness reported, but had a lower incidence of sexual dysfunction compared to tamsulosin.

Medicine

Wang, Y. et al.: Effect of Cinnamomi Cortex on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats: A Randomized Controlled Trial, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016

The study investigates the effects of Cinnamomi Cortex on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by testosterone in rats, focusing on hormonal and cellular mechanisms involved in BPH pathology.

Method : The method involved inducing BPH in male Sprague-Dawley rats using testosterone propionate and subsequently treating different groups with Cinnamomi Cortex extract and finasteride. Prostates were analyzed for weight changes, histological alterations, and protein expression levels of relevant biomarkers before and after treatment.

Findings : The findings indicated that Cinnamomi Cortex significantly reduced prostate weight, restored normal histological features, and suppressed key protein expressions associated with BPH, suggesting its potential as a treatment for this condition.

Men’s Health

N/A: research, PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the prevalence and predictors of arousal incontinence (AI) in men following radical prostatectomy.

Method : A survey assessing symptoms of AI and other urinary issues was distributed to men who underwent radical prostatectomy within the last 24 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-squared tests, and logistic regression to identify predictors of AI.

Findings : Out of 226 respondents, 49% experienced AI post-surgery, with a significant association found between AI severity and the degree of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Furthermore, improvement over time was reported by 62%, and logistic regression highlighted the absence of hypertension and the number of pads per day as predictors of AI.

Mental Health

N/A: Psychological stress and erectile dysfunction: a review, NCBI, 2018

This study reviews the clinical effectiveness of neurofeedback and biofeedback for treating mood and anxiety disorders, specifically PTSD, GAD, and depression. It also examines recent evidence-based guidelines for their use in adult populations.

Method : The study conducted a literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing neurofeedback or biofeedback against other treatment modalities or no treatment. It included five relevant RCTs after screening a total of 368 citations, focusing on their methodological quality and outcome measures.

Findings : Evidence suggests that neurofeedback may provide significant symptom improvement for PTSD and GAD compared to no treatment, and biofeedback appears beneficial when added to standard treatment for PTSD and major depressive disorder. However, the overall quality of the studies was limited, and no evidence-based clinical guidelines for utilizing these therapies were found.

Author(s) not specified: Study on depression post-prostate surgery, PubMed, 2009

The study investigates the link between overactive bladder (OAB) and erectile dysfunction (ED) in men, focusing on how OAB affects sexual quality of life and satisfaction.

Method : This research utilized a nested case-control analysis from the EPIC study, involving 502 men with OAB (cases) matched with 502 controls, assessing sexual activity, erectile dysfunction, and overall sexual satisfaction through conditional logistic regression.

Findings : Men with OAB reported significantly higher rates of ED, decreased sexual activity and enjoyment due to urinary symptoms, and lower overall sexual satisfaction compared to those without OAB, indicating a strong negative impact of OAB on men’s sexual health.

Microbiology

Increased Bacterial Colonization in Urine After Sexual Intercourse, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2014-07-01

The study investigates the impact of repeated bacterial infections on urinary tract infections (UTIs) after sexual intercourse.

Method : The researchers used murine models of urinary tract infection, specifically C3H/HeN and C57BL/6J mice, to analyze the effects of superinfection on bladder infection severity. They measured bacteriuria, inflammatory responses, and cytokine levels following sequential bacterial inoculations.

Findings : The findings revealed that superinfection increased the risk of chronic cystitis significantly in both mouse strains. Elevated levels of specific cytokines such as IL-6, KC, and G-CSF prior to superinfection predicted the development of chronic cystitis, indicating that certain women may be predisposed to recurrent UTIs after frequent sexual intercourse.

Various: Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Pathogenic Bacteria, MDPI, 2021-09-20

This study investigates the impact of different apple varieties and production methods on the antibacterial activity of apple vinegar against pathogenic bacteria.

Method : The study employed physicochemical analysis and antibacterial assays using disk diffusion and microdilution methods against five pathogenic bacteria to measure minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC).

Findings : Findings indicated significant antibacterial activity of apple vinegar, with higher activity in Red Delicious vinegar prepared from apple pieces, showing low MIC and MBC values against the tested strains, while the variety and production method significantly influenced the vinegar’s effectiveness.

Yamamoto K. et al.: Transmission of bacteria by urine droplets generated from toilet flushing, PubMed, 2021

This study investigates the transmission of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae through urine droplets generated during urination in a toilet setting and evaluates the effectiveness of a foam in mitigating this risk.

Method : An experimental setup was created to reproduce different toilet geometries, where urination was simulated to observe droplet formation. A ceramic toilet was contaminated with a CR-KP isolate, and culture dishes were used to recover bacteria from the generated droplets, both with and without the foam treatment.

Findings : The study found that urine droplets were consistently formed and capable of mobilizing bacteria from the toilet bowl, demonstrating a mean value of bacterial recovery. However, the application of the foam layer was effective in completely preventing droplet mobilization, indicating its potential in reducing the risk of bacterial transmission in shared toilet facilities.

Minerals

N/A: Zinc, Linus Pauling Institute, not specified

The study explores the essential role of zinc in human health, its interactions with other nutrients, and its effects on various health conditions including immune response, growth, and development.

Method : The study involved a review of existing literature and empirical evidence regarding zinc’s biochemical functions, dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, and clinical outcomes in relation to zinc supplementation.

Findings : Zinc is crucial for numerous biological functions, deficiencies are common worldwide especially in developing countries, and supplemental zinc shows potential benefits in treating conditions like the common cold, immune dysfunction, and may impact chronic diseases; however, excessive intake can lead to other health issues such as copper deficiency.

Molybdenum

Dietary Molybdenum and Anemia, Nature, 2020

The study investigates the role of dietary molybdenum in treating iron-deficiency anemia and arthritis in humans, exploring its potential mechanisms of action.

Method : The article reviews existing literature and proposes three possible mechanisms by which molybdenum could exhibit anti-anemic and anti-arthritic effects, focusing on its influence on mammalian molybdoenzymes and nuclear receptors.

Findings : The study suggests that while molybdenum supplementation has potential therapeutic benefits for iron-deficiency anemia and arthritis, the specific biological mechanisms remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Myasthenia Gravis

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Levofloxacin and Myasthenia Gravis, NCBI PMC, 2023

This study examines the case of a patient who developed a myasthenic crisis and respiratory depression after the administration of levofloxacin, highlighting the potential risks associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in patients with or predisposed to myasthenia gravis.

Method : The study presents a case report of a 45-year-old male patient diagnosed with atypical pneumonia who was treated with levofloxacin and later developed severe respiratory insufficiency, leading to intubation and diagnosis of myasthenia gravis through clinical tests such as the tensilon test and electromyogram.

Findings : The findings indicate that levofloxacin can exacerbate myasthenic symptoms, potentially triggering a myasthenic crisis in patients with subclinical myasthenia gravis, consistent with similar adverse effects noted with other fluoroquinolones.

Mycology

S. I. Akhtar et al.: Capric Acid and its Effects on Candida Growth, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the inhibitory effects of capric acid and other saturated fatty acids on the growth of Candida albicans, particularly in its yeast and hyphal forms.

Method : The researchers used a modified NCCLS method and crystal violet staining to assess the inhibitory effects of five saturated fatty acids and their related fatty alcohols on C. albicans growth.

Findings : Capric acid demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effect with an IC(80) of 16.7 μM for hyphal growth. When combined with oligonol, the fatty acids exhibited significant synergistic inhibition, suggesting potential as an effective anti-Candida treatment.

Natural Products

Not specified: Propolis against Candida species, MDPI, 2022

Evaluating the antifungal effects of Mexican propolis on Candida species, particularly clinical isolates.

Method : The study employed both qualitative and quantitative assays to evaluate the antifungal activity of a methanolic extract of Mexican propolis against clinical isolates of Candida identified through CHROMagar. Inhibition halos were measured, and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) and inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined for each Candida species tested.

Findings : The results showed that Mexican propolis exhibited significant antifungal activity, with inhibition halos ranging from 7.6 to 21.43 mm, and MFC values between 0.312 to 1.25 mg/mL. Additionally, the propolis inhibited germ tube formation with IC50 values from 0.030 to 1.291 mg/mL, and chemical analysis indicated the presence of bioactive flavonoids, including pinocembrin and baicalein, contributing to these antifungal effects.

Natural Remedies

N/A: Natural Antihistamine, PubMed

The study focuses on the effects of quercetin, a polyphenol and flavonoid, on immune responses related to allergies and inflammation.

Method : The study employs a review methodology, summarizing existing research on quercetin’s biochemical properties, particularly its antioxidant and anti-allergic effects, as well as its mechanisms in modulating immune responses.

Findings : Quercetin exhibits potential as an anti-allergic agent by inhibiting histamine release, reducing inflammatory cytokines, balancing immune responses, and may be effective in treating conditions like allergic rhinitis and various forms of asthma.

Naturopathy

Pawar, R. S. et al.: A Study of Efficacy of Therapy with Ashwagandha in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, NCBI, 2011

The study investigates the efficacy of naturopathic care, specifically with ashwagandha, in treating symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder compared to standardized psychotherapy.

Method : A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 81 participants suffering from moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder. They were assigned to either a naturopathic care group, which included dietary counseling and ashwagandha, or a standardized psychotherapy group for a duration of 12 weeks, with various measures assessing anxiety and quality of life.

Findings : Results indicated that the naturopathic care group experienced a 56.5% reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to a 30.5% reduction in the psychotherapy group. Furthermore, the naturopathic care group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in overall quality of life metrics without any serious adverse effects reported.

Nausea Treatment

Author Unknown: Periorbital massage in treating nausea: a systematic review, PubMed, 2019

The study investigates the effects of combined music and periorbital massage therapy on reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Method : A single-blind randomized controlled trial involving 60 patients, who were assigned to either an intervention group receiving music and massage or a control group receiving standard care. Data on nausea and vomiting were gathered using the Rhodes questionnaire before and 24 hours after chemotherapy treatment.

Findings : The study found that the combination of music therapy and periorbital massage significantly reduced nausea and vomiting levels in patients undergoing chemotherapy when compared to the control group.

Neoplasia

National Institutes of Health: Management and Treatment of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia, NCBI, 2005

This study explores Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN), specifically highlighting its role as a precursor to prostate cancer, examining its characteristics, patterns, and clinical significance.

Method : The study reviews existing literature on HGPIN, discusses its cytological features, prevalence, genetic markers, and the implications of detection through various biopsy protocols.

Findings : HGPIN is prevalent in about 9% of prostate biopsies and is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer, particularly in older men. Androgen deprivation therapy may reduce PIN presence and potential cancer risk, indicating the importance of ongoing monitoring and potential chemopreventive strategies.

Nephrology

N/A: Studies on Bacteria in Kidney Stones, Oxford Academic, N/A

The relationship between nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and whether one condition causes the other.

Method : The study analyzed existing research and observations related to the formation of kidney stones, particularly focusing on the role of bacterial infections and urinary system reactions.

Findings : It was found that bacteria, especially those from the Proteus genus, can contribute to kidney stone formation by increasing urinary pH, leading to struvite and other types of stones, suggesting a complex interplay between UTIs and nephrolithiasis.

Jiang H., et al.: Effects of Astragalus on Proteinuria in Nephrotic Syndrome: A Meta-analysis, PubMed Central, 2011

The study examines the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk of infection-related mortality among individuals with varying levels of kidney function and albuminuria.

Method : This study utilized data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) including adults aged 45 and older. It analyzed estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) to assess their associations with infection-related mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models over a median follow-up period of 13 years.

Findings : The study found that participants with lower eGFR and higher ACR levels had increased risk of infection-related mortality, indicating a graded risk associated with the severity of kidney impairment. Specifically, lower eGFR was significantly related to higher infection-related mortality rates, highlighting the need for focused clinical care and preventive strategies for CKD patients.

A Study on Frothy Urine and Proteinuria, NCBI, Unknown

The study investigates the relationship between subjective foamy urine and the prevalence of overt proteinuria and microalbuminuria in patients.

Method : A retrospective review of new outpatients who reported foamy urine was conducted, examining their demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, including urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios and other relevant blood tests. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations with overt proteinuria.

Findings : Of the 72 patients with foamy urine, 22.2% had overt proteinuria, and the presence of diabetes, increased serum creatinine, and phosphate levels were associated with this condition, suggesting that quantitative tests for proteinuria may be warranted in such cases.

Nephrotoxicity

Effects of Punarnava Leaf Extract on Wounds, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Unknown

This study evaluates the protective effects of Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava) on renal function and structure in a rat model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Method : The study involved administering gentamicin to Wistar rats to induce nephrotoxicity. The rats were divided into groups, receiving either no treatment, gentamicin alone, or gentamicin with Boerhavia diffusa extract or α-lipoic acid. Various parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels, were measured, along with histopathological examination.

Findings : Treatment with Boerhavia diffusa significantly mitigated the nephrotoxic effects of gentamicin, as evidenced by reduced levels of BUN and serum creatinine, lower kidney MDA, increased GSH levels, and improved histopathological scores, suggesting its potential antioxidant properties.

Neurosurgery

Stanford Medicine: Pituitary Hormone Levels, Stanford Medicine

The study focuses on techniques for removing pituitary tumors, emphasizing the management of tumors invading the cavernous sinus and the advancements in surgical approaches.

Method : The study employed various surgical techniques including endoscopic endonasal surgery and intraoperative exploration for pituitary tumor resection, with detailed anatomical insights for precise interventions on complex cases.

Findings : The findings indicated that innovative surgical methods can lead to high rates of complete tumor removal and long-term remission, even in challenging cases like those with cavernous sinus invasion.

Nitric Oxide

Kohli J, et al.: Nitric Oxide: A Multi-Functional Signaling Molecule, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2010

This study reviews the production of nitric oxide (NO) in health and disease, with a special focus on its relationship with clinical nutrition and metabolic alterations.

Method : The review synthesizes findings from recent studies examining NO production from various dietary factors, its role in physiological and pathological conditions, and the methodologies used to measure NO production such as isotopic labeling and analysis of its metabolites.

Findings : The review highlights that both inadequate and excessive NO production can have significant health implications, emphasizing dietary interventions, like arginine and citrulline supplementation, as potential therapeutic strategies for regulating NO levels in various diseases.

Nocturnal Enuresis

Virag V, Mureşan M, Marc R, Nica: Familial aggregation of adult nocturnal enuresis: a study of 341 families, PubMed, 2001

The study investigates the genetic factors contributing to nocturnal enuresis and its familial aggregation.

Method : This is a review study that summarizes existing research on the genetics of nocturnal enuresis, focusing on hereditary factors and genotype-phenotype interactions.

Findings : Genetic factors are the predominant influence on nocturnal enuresis, often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, but environmental factors also play significant roles. Sporadic cases are common, and while some gene loci have been identified, research suggests a complex interplay between genetics and the environment in the manifestation of the disorder.

Nursing

S. Thomas: Developing and implementing a new bladder irrigation chart, Nursing Standard, 2005-11-20

The study focuses on the development of a new bladder irrigation chart to improve documentation practices related to fluid balance in patients undergoing continuous bladder irrigation.

Method : Observations and discussions with the ward team identified the inadequacies in current documentation methods, prompting the development of a new chart specifically adapted for clinical needs.

Findings : The implementation of the new bladder irrigation chart aimed to minimize discrepancies in documentation and improve the accuracy of fluid balance records, addressing the concerns identified in practice.

Nutraceuticals

Iriti, Marcello & Faoro, Federico: The effects of quercetin on food sources, PubMed, 2018

This study investigates the effects of a new lecithin-based formulation of quercetin, referred to as Quercetin Phytosome, on its solubility and oral absorption compared to unformulated quercetin.

Method : The study employed an in vitro method to examine the solubility of the new formulation in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and conducted a single-dose, randomized, crossover clinical trial involving twelve healthy volunteers. Pharmacokinetic samples were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography and statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures.

Findings : The results demonstrated that the Quercetin Phytosome formulation significantly improved both the solubility and oral absorption of quercetin, achieving plasma levels up to 20 times higher than those from unformulated quercetin, without notable side effects.

Nutrition

N/A: Antioxidant-rich foods and the prevention of cancer: A narrative review, NCBI, 2015

The study investigates the impact of dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) on the risk of colorectal cancer within the Italian EPIC cohort.

Method : The study employed a prospective cohort design involving 45,194 participants from various centers in Italy, using validated food frequency questionnaires to collect dietary data, and estimated TAC through the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazards models to determine the association between TAC intake and colorectal cancer risk over a mean follow-up of 11.28 years.

Findings : The study concluded that while there was no overall association between dietary TAC and colorectal cancer risk, higher TAC was linked to decreased risk of colon cancer and increased risk of rectal cancer, indicating a complex relationship warranting further investigation.

N/A: Calcium and vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, NCBI, 2014

This study investigates the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on cancer prevention, specifically its role in reducing the incidence of colon cancer.

Method : The study conducts a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of vitamin D and calcium on cancer outcomes, focusing on the incidence, recurrence, and overall survival rates related to cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

Findings : The findings suggest that supplementation with calcium and vitamin D may lower the incidence of colorectal cancer; however, the results are mixed, indicating that further research is necessary to establish a clear association and optimal dosing for cancer prevention.

N/A: The role of diet in the prevention of colorectal cancer: review of literature, Journal of Cancer Research, 2019

The study reviews the impact of calcium and vitamin D on the prevention of various cancers, particularly colorectal cancer.

Method : The review summarizes findings from ecological, observational, and interventional studies assessing the relationship between calcium and vitamin D intake and cancer incidence or mortality.

Findings : Combined deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D are linked to increased risk and severity of several cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, highlighting the necessity of adequate intake of both nutrients for optimal cancer prevention.

Wang: Red meat consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2010

The study investigates the relationship between red and processed meat consumption and the risk of prostate cancer.

Method : The meta-analysis includes data from 15 prospective studies on red meat and 11 on processed meat, utilizing random effects models to calculate summary relative risk estimates for prostate cancer.

Findings : The analysis found no significant association between red meat consumption and total or advanced prostate cancer. A weak association was noted for processed meat, but this was not strong enough to confirm a positive link.

Ma: Trans fat consumption and prostate cancer: A review of epidemiologic studies, PubMed, 2019

The study reviews the epidemiological associations between trans fat consumption and prostate cancer, analyzing various studies to understand potential links.

Method : The review encompasses a systematic examination of epidemiological studies that investigate the relationship between trans fat intake and prostate cancer incidence, focusing on study designs, populations, and outcomes.

Findings : The findings suggest that there is a potential positive association between trans fat consumption and increased risk of prostate cancer, but the evidence is inconsistent and requires further investigation to establish causation.

Joules, C. et al.: Vitamin D supplementation and cognitive function: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Method : This was a 12-month double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted with 183 participants aged 65 years and older, who were divided into an intervention group receiving vitamin D or a placebo group and assessed for cognitive function and biomarkers at multiple time points.

Findings : Vitamin D supplementation led to significant improvements in cognitive function as evidenced by better scores in various cognitive tests and increased telomere length, alongside reduced oxidative stress, suggesting potential benefits for cognitive health in older adults.

Kim: Dietary sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, PubMed, 2018

The study investigates the relationship between dietary sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and the risk of prostate cancer in men.

Method : The research involved a prospective cohort study with data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, involving 22,720 men and utilizing Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios for prostate cancer risk, adjusting for confounders, after a median follow-up of 9 years.

Findings : The study found that higher consumption of sugars from sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (HR: 1.21; 95% CI 1.06, 1.39), while no significant associations were found for sugars from fruit juices or dessert foods.

Hoang, V. et al.: The role of Vitamin D in calcium absorption and bone health, NCBI, 2020

The study examines the role of Vitamin D in promoting calcium absorption and its implications for bone health.

Method : The study reviews various clinical trials, surveys, and mechanistic studies on Vitamin D and calcium, analyzing their relationships with bone health and other health outcomes.

Findings : The findings indicate that Vitamin D is crucial for optimal calcium absorption which is necessary for maintaining bone health. A minimum level of 32 ng/mL of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is necessary to maximize calcium absorption and protect against fractures, revealing a widespread insufficiency among various populations.

Clinical Trial: Effects of Beet Juice Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, PubMed, 2018

The study examines the effects of beetroot juice on exhaled nitric oxide levels in healthy individuals, suggesting its potential influence on airway immune responses.

Method : The study involved 38 healthy participants who consumed 70ml of beetroot juice and measured exhaled nitric oxide, heart rate, and blood pressure at baseline, and 45 and 90 minutes post-consumption, alongside a control group consuming water.

Findings : Results showed a significant increase in exhaled nitric oxide levels after beetroot juice consumption, with no significant changes in cardiovascular measures, indicating the potential of beetroot juice in enhancing respiratory immunity.

Pomegranate Juice and Blood Flow: A Clinical Study, NCBI, 2014

This study examined the acute effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure and endothelial function in hypertensive individuals.

Method : Thirteen hypertensive men aged 39-68 consumed 150 ml/day of pomegranate juice after a 12-hour fast. Measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, flow-mediated dilation, and various inflammatory markers were recorded before and 4-6 hours after consumption.

Findings : Pomegranate juice significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 7% and diastolic blood pressure by 6%. However, changes in flow-mediated dilation and inflammatory markers were not statistically significant, indicating potential but not definitive improved vascular function.

N/A: Flaxseed for prostate cancer–an update, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2009

The study investigates the impact of flaxseed supplementation on prostate cancer proliferation rates in men scheduled for prostate surgery.

Method : A multi-site, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 161 prostate cancer patients, who were assigned to four dietary groups, including flaxseed supplementation, low-fat diet, both, or control. Tumor samples were analyzed for proliferation using Ki-67 as a primary endpoint, along with other serological and nutritional biomarkers.

Findings : Results indicated that men on flaxseed diets had significantly lower tumor proliferation rates compared to control groups, with median Ki-67 scores of 1.66 and 1.50 for flaxseed diets versus 3.23 for controls, suggesting potential protective effects of flaxseed against prostate cancer.

Hebert et al.: Diet and prostate cancer: a review of the literature, PubMed, 1998

The study examines the relationship between dietary and socioeconomic factors and prostate cancer mortality across 59 countries, identifying associations between food consumption and cancer outcomes.

Method : Data was collected from United Nations sources regarding prostate cancer mortality, food consumption, tobacco use, socioeconomic factors, and health indicators. Linear regression models were applied to analyze the data, assessing the effect of each variable on mortality rates.

Findings : Results indicated that increased consumption of cereals, nuts, and fish was associated with lower prostate cancer mortality. Soy products also showed significant protective effects. The dietary factors aligned with existing guidelines that suggest a diet rich in these foods may lower prostate cancer risk.

N/A: Effects of dietary flaxseed on prostate cancer in rats, PubMed, 2002

The study investigates how flaxseed supplementation affects the development of prostate cancer in a mouse model of the disease.

Method : 135 male transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were randomized into two groups: one receiving a control diet and the other a diet supplemented with 5% flaxseed for either 20 or 30 weeks, followed by histologic evaluation of prostate tissues.

Findings : The flaxseed-supplemented group showed a lower incidence of prostate cancer (97% vs 100%), reduced tumor weight (1.9g vs 3.6g), and less aggressive tumors after 30 weeks, suggesting that flaxseed may inhibit prostate cancer progression.

N/A: Dietary flaxseed effects on prostate cancer: a review, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013

The study investigates the effects of dietary flaxseed and its derived compounds (enterolignans) on prostate cancer cell proliferation.

Method : The researchers conducted a presurgical trial with 147 prostate cancer patients who consumed flaxseed (30 g/day) for about 30 days. They measured urinary enterolignan levels and prostate tumor biomarkers such as NFκB, VEGF, and Ki67 using high-performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry techniques.

Findings : The results indicated that higher levels of urinary enterolignans, particularly enterolactone, were significantly inversely correlated with Ki67 (a marker of cell proliferation) in tumor tissue. This suggests that flaxseed-derived enterolignans may inhibit cancer cell proliferation and potentially reduce tumor angiogenesis through VEGF pathways.

Aronson et al.: Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology, PubMed, 2010

The study investigates the effects of a low-fat diet on prostate cancer progression, particularly focusing on serum factors related to prostate cancer cell growth.

Method : The study was a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial involving 18 men with prostate cancer, comparing a low-fat diet with a conventional Western diet over 4 weeks, measuring multiple serum factors pre- and post-intervention and assessing the growth of cultured prostate cancer cells using these serum samples.

Findings : The low-fat diet significantly decreased the growth of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) in vitro, associated with lower serum triglyceride and linoleic acid levels. Further, changes in omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid levels showed a correlation with reduced cancer cell growth.

N/A: Cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer, PubMed, 2005

The study investigates the relationship between cruciferous vegetable intake, specifically broccoli, and prostate cancer risk, while considering genetic variations in glutathione S-transferases (GSTs).

Method : A population-based, case-control study was conducted involving 428 men with prostate cancer and 537 controls. Participants completed a detailed food-frequency questionnaire and underwent genotyping for GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms.

Findings : The study found that higher intake of cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli, is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. This risk reduction was most significant among men with the GSTM1-present genotype, suggesting dietary isothiocyanates may serve as chemopreventive agents.

N/A: Dairy Products and Prostate Cancer: A Review, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2019

The study investigates the associations between dairy product consumption and the risk of prostate cancer among men in the United States, addressing the ongoing debate regarding dairy’s impact on prostate cancer development.

Method : This prospective analysis utilized the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening (PLCO) trial cohort, which involved a detailed self-administered dietary questionnaire to evaluate dairy intake before prostate cancer diagnosis. The analysis involved calculating hazard ratios for prostate cancer incidence based on dairy consumption levels, stratifying by cancer stage and severity.

Findings : The study found no significant overall association between total dairy intake and prostate cancer risk. However, it identified a positive association between 2%-fat milk consumption and advanced prostate cancer risk, alongside a positive relationship between regular-fat dairy product intake and late-stage prostate cancer, warranting further investigation.

R. A. H. Inoue, S. Nishitani, P. Nishida, K. Kato: Effects of Ginger Supplementation on Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, PubMed Central, 2019

This study systematically reviews and analyzes randomized controlled trials on the effects of ginger supplementation on weight loss and metabolic profiles in overweight and obese individuals.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials, extracting relevant data and assessing the quality of the studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. They calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the effects of ginger on body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles among other parameters.

Findings : The meta-analysis found that ginger supplementation significantly reduced body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance while increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. However, there were no significant effects on body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol levels.

Consumption of Pumpkin Seed Flour Effectively Elevates Body Weight and Serum Zinc Levels, ScienceDirect, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of pumpkin seed flour consumption on body weight and serum zinc levels.

Method : The research likely involved a controlled feeding trial where participants or subjects consumed a specific amount of pumpkin seed flour over a predefined period, with measurements of body weight and serum zinc levels taken before and after the intervention.

Findings : The consumption of pumpkin seed flour resulted in a significant increase in body weight and serum zinc levels in the subjects, indicating its potential health benefits.

Radical Scavenging Property of Pumpkin Seeds, Sciencedirect, Unknown

The study investigates the radical scavenging properties of pumpkin seeds, focusing on their potential antioxidant benefits.

Method : The researchers utilized various assays to measure the antioxidant capacity of pumpkin seed extracts, comparing their effectiveness against standard antioxidants.

Findings : The study found that pumpkin seeds demonstrated significant radical scavenging activity, indicating their potential as a natural source of antioxidants.

David A. Johnson: Role of Vitamin E in Cancer Prevention, Medline, 2001

This study investigates the role of Vitamin E in preventing cancer and its potential mechanisms of action.

Method : The study utilized a combination of epidemiological data, clinical trials, and molecular research to evaluate the association between Vitamin E intake and cancer risk.

Findings : The findings suggest that Vitamin E may offer protective benefits against certain types of cancer, although evidence is mixed, and further research is needed to establish causal relationships.

A. S. C. Wong: C Effects of Vitamin E alone and in combinations on Cancer Incidence, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014

The study investigates the effects of Vitamin E and Vitamin C supplementation on the risk of cancer incidents among men during follow-up after the Physicians’ Health Study II.

Method : The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 14,641 male physicians aged 50 and above who received either vitamin E, vitamin C, or their respective placebos over an initial mean period of 7.6 years, followed by observational follow-up for an average of 2.8 years to assess subsequent cancer incidence.

Findings : Findings indicated that neither vitamin E nor vitamin C supplementation showed significant effects on the incidence of total cancers or specific cancers such as prostate cancer during both the intervention and follow-up periods.

K. M. R. L. Sinha: Red Meat Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2009

The study investigates the relationship between red meat consumption and the risk of developing prostate cancer in men.

Method : The research utilized a cohort study design, analyzing dietary intake data from participants over a specified period to assess the correlation between red meat consumption and prostate cancer incidence.

Findings : The findings suggest that higher consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, highlighting dietary factors as significant contributors to cancer risk.

Not specified: Selenium Supplementation in Cancer Patients, Diabetes Care

This study investigates the effects of selenium supplementation on cancer patients, focusing on its potential role in improving health outcomes and reducing cancer-related symptoms.

Method : The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, assigning participants to receive either selenium supplements or a placebo, and measured various health outcomes over a specified period.

Findings : The findings indicated that selenium supplementation had a positive effect on certain cancer-related symptoms and may enhance overall health in cancer patients, although further research is needed to confirm these results and establish optimal dosage.

Not specified: Health Benefits of Selenium, PMC

The study examines the dual role of selenium in health, focusing on its potential benefits in cancer prevention and adverse effects in promoting type 2 diabetes.

Method : The study reviews clinical and epidemiological data, exploring the relationship between selenium levels and chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer, alongside variations in dietary intake and genetic factors affecting selenium’s efficacy.

Findings : The findings suggest that while adequate selenium can have protective effects against certain cancers, excessive intake may increase the risk of diabetes, highlighting the need for personalized health approaches to selenium supplementation.

Flavonoids and cardiovascular disease, ScienceDaily, August 13, 2019

The study investigates the protective effects of flavonoid-rich diets against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing the benefits for high-risk individuals.

Method : Data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort was analyzed, involving 53,048 participants over 23 years, focusing on their flavonoid intake and health outcomes.

Findings : High consumption of flavonoid-rich foods was associated with a lower risk of death from cancer and heart disease, especially in smokers and heavy drinkers, with about 500mg of flavonoids daily being optimal.

Y. K. Park et al.: Dietary saturated fat intake and prostate cancer risk: the role of RhoC, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the relationship between dietary saturated fat intake and the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, focusing on whether statin use modifies this association.

Method : The research analyzed 1854 prostate cancer cases from the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project, classifying 321 cases as high aggressive. Logistic regression was utilized to evaluate the association between saturated fat intake and prostate cancer aggressiveness, adjusting for total fat intake and examining interactions based on race and statin use.

Findings : Higher intake of saturated fat was linked to increased odds of aggressive prostate cancer, particularly notable in non-statin users. The study also observed that cholesterol intake was associated with aggressiveness among European Americans but not African Americans, and high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was trending inversely related to aggressiveness.

Yuan, S., & Yang, Y.: Polyphenols and BPH: A Novel Option for Treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates the potential health benefits of polyphenols, particularly from green tea, in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study involves a review of existing literature to analyze the effects of green tea polyphenols on BPH, focusing on biological mechanisms and efficacy in clinical settings.

Findings : The findings suggest that green tea polyphenols may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which could positively influence the progression and symptoms of BPH, though further clinical studies are needed for confirmation.

A. M. Kristal et al.: Dietary choline and prostate cancer risk, PubMed, 2012

This study examines the association between dietary choline intake and the risk of lethal prostate cancer in men.

Method : The study used a prospective cohort design with 47,896 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire completed six times over 22 years, and the incidence of lethal prostate cancer was tracked through medical record reviews.

Findings : Men in the highest quintile of choline intake had a 70% increased risk of lethal prostate cancer compared to those in the lowest quintile. However, postdiagnostic choline intake was not significantly associated with lethal prostate cancer risk.

K. A. Soler et al.: Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review, PubMed, 2009

The study investigates the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : A systematic review was conducted, analyzing various studies that examined dietary habits and their associations with prostate cancer incidence, focusing on observational and interventional research.

Findings : The review found that certain dietary patterns, particularly those high in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids, may be associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer, whereas diets high in red and processed meats could increase risk.

Y Zhang, Y Xu, L Yang, Q Ma: The role of resveratrol in the management of obesity and insulin resistance: A systematic review, PubMed, 2019

The study reviews the effects of resveratrol in managing obesity and insulin resistance through clinical evidence.

Method : This systematic review analyzed data from various clinical trials assessing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of resveratrol in human subjects.

Findings : Resveratrol shows potential benefits in improving insulin sensitivity and managing obesity, although its effectiveness is limited by rapid metabolism and low bioavailability; newer formulations may enhance its therapeutic use.

Tomato and Broccoli in Prostate Cancer, Journal Cancer Research, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of tomato and broccoli combinations on prostate cancer growth in rats.

Method : The research involved feeding male Copenhagen rats different diets containing various combinations of tomato and broccoli powders, as well as controls involving lycopene and surgical castration, for approximately 22 weeks before tumor implantation.

Findings : The combination of tomato and broccoli significantly reduced tumor weight by 52%, demonstrating enhanced antitumor activity compared to individual components, which supports dietary recommendations for cancer prevention.

D. N. K. Ndubuisi et al.: The Effect of Refined Carbohydrates on Candida Growth, PubMed, 1996

The study evaluates the influence of refined carbohydrate dietary supplementation on the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by Candida albicans in healthy human subjects.

Method : A 2-step study involving 28 healthy volunteers was conducted, where initial data on habitual refined carbohydrate intake was collected, and then Candida counts were measured before, during, and after a high-sugar diet.

Findings : The study found no significant correlation between carbohydrate intake and Candida counts, and a high-sugar diet did not notably increase Candida levels, although a slight increase was observed in some individuals with pre-existing higher Candida counts.

Ulrike Peters, Ph.D.: High carotenoid content impact on health, Cancer Research

The study investigates the impact of high carotenoid content on health outcomes, particularly in relation to chronic diseases.

Method : The study uses a combination of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between carotenoid intake from food sources and various health metrics, including disease incidence and mortality rates.

Findings : Higher dietary carotenoid intake is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases, indicating their potential role in enhancing health and extending lifespan.

Processed meat and cancer risk, NCBI

The study investigates the relationship between processed meat consumption and various types of cancer, particularly focusing on colorectal cancer, using data from the National Cancer Institute’s large-scale studies.

Method : The review summarizes findings from large prospective cohort studies, particularly the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study and the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. Data was collected through comprehensive dietary assessments and followed participants over time to study cancer incidence and mortality.

Findings : The analysis found a convincing link between processed meat consumption and an increased risk of colorectal cancer, while associations with other cancers were less clear. Specifically, processed meat intake was also positively associated with lung and prostate cancer, but findings varied across different studies and cancer types.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Lycopene and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Oxford Academic, 2012

This study investigates the relationship between lycopene, a carotenoid found in tomatoes and other fruits, and its effects on prostate cancer risk and progression.

Method : The research employed a systematic review and meta-analysis of various studies, compiling data from observational studies and randomized control trials to evaluate the impact of lycopene on prostate cancer.

Findings : The analysis indicated that higher lycopene intake is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, suggesting potential protective effects, although further research is needed to confirm these findings and establish causation.

Various: Effects of Honey on Prostate Health, ScienceDaily, 1998

This study investigates the antioxidant content in different types of honey, specifically comparing dark and light varieties based on their floral sources.

Method : The researchers analyzed 19 honey samples from 14 floral sources, examining their antioxidant levels and other compositional elements.

Findings : The study found that dark honey, particularly from buckwheat flowers, contains significantly higher levels of antioxidants compared to lighter varieties, suggesting that honey could serve as a supplemental source of antioxidants in the diet.

NIH: Ellagic Acid Consumption, PubMed, 2006

This study investigates the effects of ellagic acid, released from the dietary tannin punicalagin, on inducing apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells through a mitochondrial pathway.

Method : The researchers used Caco-2 cells to assess the apoptotic effects of ellagic acid and punicalagin, measuring cell cycle changes, apoptotic markers, and caspase activities while comparing the effects in normal colon cells (CCD-112CoN).

Findings : Both ellagic acid and punicalagin were found to induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by down-regulating specific cyclins and activating caspases, without affecting normal colon cells, suggesting that the anticarcinogenic effects of dietary ellagitannins are mainly due to ellagic acid.

NIH: Choline and prostate cancer dietary sources, NIH, N/A

This study investigates the relationship between dietary choline intake and the risk of prostate cancer, as well as identifying dietary sources of choline.

Method : The researchers conducted a review of existing literature and analyzed dietary data from participants to assess their choline intake relative to prostate cancer incidence.

Findings : The study found that higher choline intake was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, highlighting the need for further investigation into dietary guidelines regarding choline consumption.

N/A: Effect of Walnuts on Breast Cancer Gene Expression, PubMed, 2020

The study investigates the effect of walnut consumption on gene expression related to tumor growth, survival, and metastasis in breast cancer patients.

Method : The study was a nonplacebo, 2-arm, clinical trial involving women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer. Participants were randomly assigned to consume 2 ounces of walnuts daily or to be in a control group. Gene expression changes were assessed via RNA sequencing analysis of tumor samples collected before and after the intervention.

Findings : The results indicated that walnut consumption significantly altered the expression of 456 genes, activating apoptotic and cell adhesion pathways while inhibiting pathways associated with cell proliferation and migration, suggesting walnuts may suppress breast cancer growth and enhance survival in humans.

N/A: Gene Expression Modulation by Whole Grains, NCBI, 2020

The study analyzes the protective effects of whole grain consumption against breast cancer, focusing on the bioactive compounds in whole grains and their mechanisms of action.

Method : The review includes epidemiological studies and clinical trials that investigate the correlation between whole grain intake and breast cancer risk, alongside a discussion of the bioactive phytochemicals present in various whole grains and their anticancer properties.

Findings : The findings suggest that higher whole grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, particularly in specific populations, due to several mechanisms including hormone regulation and inflammation reduction; however, more research is needed to clarify these relationships.

Calcium Glucarate, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Unknown

The study investigates Calcium Glucarate’s potential benefits, particularly in relation to cancer prevention and detoxification.

Method : The research involved reviewing lab and animal studies that suggest anticancer effects, as well as a limited human study indicating potential health benefits.

Findings : While animal studies suggest that Calcium Glucarate may inhibit tumor formation and assist in detoxification, there is insufficient clinical evidence in humans to support these claims.

Calcium D-Glucarate, Exercise.com, Unknown

Calcium D-Glucarate is a calcium salt form of D-glucaric acid, which is produced naturally in small amounts by the human body and found in certain fruits and vegetables. It is explored for its potential benefits in preventing and treating cancers, detoxification of the body, and its effect on estrogen metabolism.

Method : The study examines the biochemical mechanism of Calcium D-Glucarate’s action in the body, particularly its conversion into D-glucaro-1,4-lactone, which inhibits beta-glucuronidase, thereby possibly reducing cancer risk and enhancing detoxification processes. It includes references to both human and non-human studies regarding its effects on cancer prevention and treatment.

Findings : While there are some promising claims about Calcium D-Glucarate’s role in cancer prevention, particularly for specific types like breast and prostate cancer, the evidence is insufficient to conclusively prove its effectiveness. Studies suggest it may assist in detoxification by promoting the elimination of toxins and hormones associated with cancer growth, yet more research is needed to fully understand its benefits and side effects.

Pritikin: Study on Pritikin Diet and IGF-I Levels, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the relationship between the intake of cruciferous vegetables and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : A systematic literature review was conducted that included a meta-analysis of seven cohort studies and six population-based case-control studies to analyze the impact of cruciferous vegetable intake on prostate cancer risk, with risk ratios calculated for high vs. low intake.

Findings : The results indicated that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables was associated with a significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer overall (relative risk = 0.90) and notably in case-control studies (relative risk = 0.79), but not in cohort studies (relative risk = 0.95), suggesting a protective effect, though further studies are necessary.

Harvard Health Publishing: Cancer and Diet: What’s the Connection?, Harvard Health

The study explores the relationship between diet and cancer, emphasizing how certain foods and nutrients can influence cancer risk.

Method : The article compiles findings from various research studies that investigate the link between dietary habits and different types of cancer.

Findings : Certain dietary choices can either promote or protect against cancer, with specific foods and nutrients identified as playing significant roles in cancer prevention.

F. J. C. Hunter: Effect of brazil nuts supplementation on inflammatory markers in healthy human subjects, PubMed, 2014

The study investigates the impact of Brazil nuts consumption on inflammatory markers in healthy individuals.

Method : A randomized crossover study involving 10 healthy participants who consumed varying amounts of Brazil nuts (0, 5, 20, and 50 g) over multiple periods, with blood samples collected pre- and post-consumption to measure inflammatory markers.

Findings : The study found that a single intake of Brazil nuts (20 or 50 g) significantly decreased several inflammatory markers (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) while increasing IL-10 levels, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect.

M. W. Schmidlin: Brazil nuts and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the effects of Brazil nuts on selenium status and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, particularly in relation to genetic polymorphisms.

Method : A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted involving participants consuming Brazil nuts to assess changes in selenium levels, oxidative stress parameters, and gene expression of selenoproteins.

Findings : The results suggested that the Pro198Leu polymorphism in the GPx gene affects selenium status and GPx activity after Brazil nut intake. Additionally, other polymorphisms in selenoprotein genes also influenced gene expression in response to dietary selenium.

N/A: Vitamin C and Prostate Cancer: A Review, PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the effects of Vitamin C on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats, focusing on its impact on HIF-1alpha expression.

Method : The researchers used rat models to induce prostate hyperplasia with testosterone and then supplemented them with Vitamin C. They assessed prostate hyperplasia parameters and evaluated HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels through various assays including semi-quantitative RT-PCR.

Findings : Vitamin C effectively inhibited the testosterone-induced increase in HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels, significantly reducing prostate hyperplasia in the treated rats, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for BPH.

N/A: Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis, NIH, N/A

This study investigates the relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of prostate cancer based on a meta-analysis of existing research.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis using data from 18 cohort and case-control studies, involving a total of 103,658 subjects. They calculated pooled relative risks (RR) for the highest versus lowest categories of dietary vitamin C intake, using random-effects models and also performed dose-response analysis to assess the trend of association.

Findings : The analysis indicated that higher dietary vitamin C intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk, with a pooled RR of 0.89 for the highest versus lowest intake categories. Specifically, a 150 mg/day increase in vitamin C intake correlated with a 5% reduction in risk, with significant protective effects observed in both cohort and case-control studies.

Not specified: Fucoxanthin: Effects on fat metabolism, NCBI, 2018

This study explores the effects of fucoxanthin, a carotenoid from marine algae, on fat metabolism and obesity management. It investigates its impact on key metabolic processes, including lipid oxidation, thermogenesis, and insulin sensitivity.

Method : The study synthesizes findings from various murine models and human clinical trials. It evaluates the biochemical and physiological effects of fucoxanthin supplementation on lipid profiles, gene expression related to fat metabolism, and weight management metrics.

Findings : Fucoxanthin demonstrated significant anti-obesity effects by inducing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), enhancing fatty acid oxidation, improving insulin sensitivity, and modulating various lipid metabolism-related enzymes and gene expressions. In clinical trials, fucoxanthin supplementation led to increased energy expenditure and decreased fat accumulation in obese individuals.

Tazeen A, Fawad F, Shahbaz A, et al.: Role of Vitamin C in Immunotherapy and Inflammation, PMC, 2022

This study evaluates the antifungal efficacy of garlic, onion, and lemon extracts against the yeast fungus Candida albicans.

Method : The study used a well-diffusion method where C. albicans cultures were treated with extracts of garlic, onion, and lemon. The inhibition zones were measured after incubation, and statistical analyses including one-way ANOVA and chi-square were applied to compare efficacy between extracts.

Findings : Garlic extract showed significant antifungal efficacy with an inhibition zone of 4.89 mm against C. albicans, while onion and lemon extracts did not exhibit any antifungal effects. This indicates that garlic is a potent natural antifungal agent compared to the other extracts tested.

D.J. Devereux et al.: Role of Vitamin A in the Immune Response and Health, PubMed, 2007

This study evaluates the role of Vitamin A, particularly from beta-carotene, in supporting immune response and overall health, with an emphasis on pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and dietary recommendations regarding Vitamin A intake and its necessity during pregnancy and lactation, with a focus on beta-carotene as a safe source of Vitamin A.

Findings : The study concludes that adequate intake of beta-carotene is essential for preventing Vitamin A deficiency among pregnant and breastfeeding women, as many in these demographics are at risk of deficiency. It emphasizes the importance of dietary sources of beta-carotene and advises against restricting these sources, highlighting that beta-carotene can substantially contribute to maternal and fetal health.

Not specified: Effects of Tomato Consumption on PSA Levels, PubMed, Not specified

The study investigates the impact of daily tomato paste consumption on plasma prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : A controlled clinical trial was conducted involving 43 men aged 45 to 75 who consumed 50 g of tomato paste daily for 10 weeks. PSA levels were measured before, during, and after the intervention, with statistical analysis performed using ANOVA for repeated measures.

Findings : The results showed a significant 10.77% reduction in PSA levels after the 10-week period, suggesting that tomato paste may positively influence prostate health, likely due to its high lycopene content.

Not specified: Dietary Omega-3 and Its Effects on PSA Levels, NCBI, Not specified

The study examines the relationship between fish and seafood n-3 fatty acid consumption and its impact on prostate cancer incidence and mortality.

Method : This was a prospective cohort study involving 20,167 men from the Physician’s Health Study, who provided dietary information via questionnaires. Follow-up over 22 years allowed for tracking prostate cancer diagnoses and mortality rates.

Findings : The study found no significant association between fish intake and the incidence of prostate cancer, but high fish consumption was linked to a 48% reduction in prostate cancer mortality for those consuming fish five or more times per week compared to those consuming it less than once a week.

Not specified: Lycopene, PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the effects of lycopene supplementation on patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : 40 elderly men diagnosed with BPH were randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg of lycopene daily or a placebo for 6 months, while assessing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and disease progression.

Findings : Lycopene supplementation significantly reduced PSA levels and prevented prostate enlargement, while also improving symptoms of BPH more than the placebo.

Study on whole grains and bladder cancer, PubMed, 2020

The study investigates the relationship between grain and dietary fiber intake and the risk of bladder cancer.

Method : Data from 574,726 participants in 13 cohort studies were pooled, with 3,214 cases of incident bladder cancer identified. Cox regression models estimated hazard ratios for grain and fiber intake, and dose-response relations were examined using fractional polynomial regression models.

Findings : Higher intake of whole grains and dietary fiber was associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer, with significant results showing that the highest intakes of these foods had a 28% lower risk compared to the lowest intakes. No significant association was found with refined grains.

NIH: Ellagic acid in pomegranate, PubMed

The study explores the potential health benefits of ellagic acid, particularly from pomegranate, in managing chronic diseases.

Method : The chapter summarizes previous research findings related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ellagic acid in various chronic conditions.

Findings : Ellagic acid exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties which may be beneficial in the context of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and chronic inflammation.

NIH: Boron intake and prostate cancer risk, PubMed

The study investigates the relationship between boron intake and prostate cancer risk.

Method : The study analyzes data from various epidemiological researches and clinical trials examining boron levels in diet and its correlation with prostate cancer incidence, particularly focusing on men’s boron intake and its effects.

Findings : Higher dietary boron intake is associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer, with a significant inverse correlation found between boron levels and cancer incidence, suggesting that adequate boron intake may play a protective role against this disease.

Not specified: Vegetable Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk, Cancer Research, 2010

The study investigates the relationship between vegetable intake and the risk of developing prostate cancer in men.

Method : It utilized a cohort study design, collecting dietary intake data through food frequency questionnaires and tracking cancer incidence over a specified follow-up period.

Findings : The findings indicate that higher vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, supporting the role of diet in cancer prevention.

NIH: Copper’s role in health, PubMed

This study examines the role of copper as an essential trace metal necessary for various cellular processes, highlighting the effects of both copper deficiency and overload on health.

Method : The study provides a review of the current understanding of copper’s biological functions, regulatory mechanisms for cellular copper uptake, storage, and export, and examines the impacts of disrupted copper homeostasis, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.

Findings : Copper is critical for numerous enzymatic processes, but both deficiency and excess can lead to adverse health effects, including the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species and links to disorders such as neurodegeneration.

N/A: Regular Fish Consumption and Reduced Age-Related Brain Loss and Improved Memory, PubMed, 2014

The study investigates the relationship between regular fish consumption and brain health, particularly focusing on age-related gray matter loss and memory improvement in cognitively normal elderly individuals.

Method : The study analyzed data from 260 cognitively normal participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Fish consumption was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and brain structural integrity was assessed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using voxel-based morphometry in multiple regression analyses.

Findings : The results indicate that weekly consumption of baked or broiled fish is positively associated with greater gray matter volumes in key brain regions, including the hippocampus and frontal cortex, suggesting that dietary fish consumption may protect against age-related brain loss and support cognitive health.

NIH: Molybdenum’s health benefits, PubMed

The study examines the role of molybdenum hydroxylases, including aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase, in drug metabolism in humans and other mammals.

Method : This review compiles data on the oxidase activities of molybdenum hydroxylases towards various compounds and discusses interspecies variations in these activities, particularly their significance in drug metabolism and potential drug-drug interactions.

Findings : Molybdenum hydroxylases demonstrate variability in drug metabolism capabilities, with humans showing the highest activity, while significant differences exist across other species. The study highlights the clinical relevance of these enzymes in pharmacokinetics.

N/A: Systematic Review of Sodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease, PubMed, 2020

This systematic review examines the relationship between sodium and potassium intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among older adults.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed and Web of Science from January 2015 to July 2020, including observational and experimental studies that focused on sodium, potassium, or their ratio in relation to CVD in individuals over 60 years of age. They independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed study quality and bias risk.

Findings : The review found inconsistent evidence regarding sodium intake reduction’s impact on CVD risk, while higher potassium intake and a lower sodium-to-potassium ratio were linked to a reduced risk of hypertension and CVD, particularly stroke.

N/A: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Potassium Supplementation and Blood Pressure, PubMed, 2017

This study investigates the effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) lasting four weeks or more that assessed potassium supplementation and its effects on blood pressure levels.

Findings : Potassium supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in both systolic (4.48 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (2.96 mmHg), with the most pronounced effects observed in participants with low baseline potassium intake and higher sodium consumption.

K. H. K. Et al.: Inulin-type fructans improve glucose and lipid metabolism in humans, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates the effects of inulin-type fructans on gut microbiota composition and their implications for glucose and lipid metabolism in humans.

Method : A double-blind, randomized, cross-over intervention was conducted, where participants consumed inulin and their fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rDNA profiling and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Findings : Inulin consumption led to specific increases in Anaerostipes and Bifidobacterium while reducing Bilophila, which correlated with improvements in stool consistency and quality of life regarding constipation, though overall metabolite profiles did not show significant changes.

5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors from Edamame, PubMed, 2007-06-01

The study investigates the effects of soy protein isolate on hormone profiles and receptor expression in men at high risk for prostate cancer.

Method : Fifty-eight men were randomly assigned to consume one of three protein isolates for six months: soy protein isolate with isoflavones, alcohol-washed soy protein isolate with negligible isoflavones, or milk protein isolate. Blood samples were taken at multiple intervals, and biopsies were analyzed for receptor expression.

Findings : Soy protein isolate consumption significantly suppressed androgen receptor expression without altering estrogen receptor-beta expression or serum hormone levels, indicating potential benefits for prostate cancer prevention.

National Institutes of Health: Consumption of red meat and risk of colorectal cancer, PubMed, 2014

This study investigates the relationship between red meat consumption and the risk of developing stomach cancer.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 18 cohort and case-control studies, including a total of 1,228,327 subjects, to assess the relative risk of gastric cancer associated with different levels of red meat intake.

Findings : The meta-analysis found that high red meat consumption was associated with a 37% increased risk of gastric cancer. Subgroup analyses showed significant risks particularly in population-based and hospital-based case-control studies, and a dose-response relationship was suggested with each additional 100 g/day of red meat correlating to a 17% rise in risk.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Muscle atrophy is regulated by inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, NCBI, 2019

This study examines the role of omega-3 fatty acids in regulating muscle protein turnover, particularly focusing on the effects of these fatty acids on muscle mass in health, disuse, and disease contexts such as cancer cachexia.

Method : The research is largely a review of existing studies that investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, analyzing various clinical trials and pre-clinical studies in both animal models and human subjects.

Findings : The study finds that omega-3 fatty acids can enhance muscle protein synthesis rates and may mitigate muscle loss during periods of disuse, such as immobilization or in patients with cancer cachexia, suggesting that they could be a therapeutic strategy for combating muscle atrophy.

Dietary saturated fats and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis., PubMed

The study examines the relationship between dietary saturated fats and the risk of colorectal cancer, exploring how different types and amounts of dietary fats influence cancer development.

Method : It utilized a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies that assessed the dietary intake of saturated fats and their correlation with colorectal cancer risk, considering various demographic and lifestyle factors.

Findings : The study found a positive association between higher intakes of saturated fats and increased risk of colorectal cancer, while suggesting that polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, may confer protective effects against cancer progression.

Ben’s Natural Health: Anthocyanins, Ben’s Natural Health

The study investigates the relationship between anthocyanins and heart health, highlighting their biological activities and potential benefits.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature, summarizing findings related to the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins, their sources, and their effects on cardiovascular health.

Findings : Studies indicate that anthocyanins possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and various vascular benefits, which may contribute to reduced risk of coronary heart diseases, although further research is needed to conclusively establish these effects.

This study on fruits and veggies, NCBI, N/A

This study investigates the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED) in elderly men.

Method : The study utilized a 4-year prospective cohort design, involving dietary assessments through a validated food frequency questionnaire and evaluation of LUTS and ED using standardized questionnaires. Data from 2000 Chinese men aged 65 and older were analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regression models to determine associations between dietary intake and health outcomes.

Findings : Higher intake of total fruits and vegetables, particularly dark and leafy vegetables, was associated with reduced symptoms of LUTS and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, there was no significant correlation found between fruit and vegetable intake and erectile dysfunction.

NIH: PMC3787240, NCBI, 2013

The study reviews the chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals from cruciferous vegetables, particularly sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, on prostate cancer via epigenetic modulation and inhibition of cancer cell growth.

Method : The study utilizes epidemiological evidence and laboratory research, including in vitro and in vivo experiments, to analyze the effects of glucosinolate derivatives on prostate cancer cell lines and animal models (specifically mouse models).

Findings : The study finds that sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol exhibit significant anti-cancer properties through mechanisms such as blocking cancer initiation, suppressing cancer progression, and modulating epigenetic factors that affect gene expression associated with prostate cancer.

National Institutes of Health: Lycopene and prostate cancer: a review, PubMed, N/A

This study reviews the protective effects of lycopene against various chemical and natural toxins, focusing particularly on its antioxidant properties and mechanisms of action.

Method : The study is a literature review that summarizes findings from several recent investigations exploring the interactions of lycopene with toxic agents, including natural toxins like mycotoxins and chemical toxins such as heavy metals and pesticides.

Findings : The review concludes that high intake of lycopene is associated with a reduced risk of exposure to both natural and chemical toxins, highlighting its role as a potent antioxidant that can modulate inflammation and protect cellular integrity.

Various Authors: Reduce the Risk of Depression, PubMed, 2018

This study investigates the link between dietary inflammation and the risk of depression, evaluating whether an anti-inflammatory diet can be a potential intervention for depressive disorders.

Method : A systematic literature search identified relevant studies, with a meta-analysis performed on the selected data using random effect models while assessing quality, publication bias, and conducting sensitivity and subgroup analyses.

Findings : The study found a significant association between a pro-inflammatory diet and increased risk of depression, suggesting that adopting an anti-inflammatory diet could effectively reduce depression risk and symptoms.

Lycopene and Male Fertility: Impact of lycopene on testosterone levels and sperm quality in men, European PMC, N/A

The study investigates the effects of lycopene on testosterone levels and sperm quality in men.

Method : The study utilized a randomized controlled trial design, where participants were supplemented with lycopene and their testosterone levels and sperm parameters were assessed before and after the intervention.

Findings : The findings indicated that lycopene supplementation resulted in a significant increase in testosterone levels and improved sperm quality, suggesting a positive impact of lycopene on male reproductive health.

Nutrition Risks

N/A: Heme iron as a possible risk factor, BMJ, N/A

This study examines the relationship between iron and red meat intake in relation to blood pressure levels.

Method : The researchers conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study analyzing dietary intake data alongside blood pressure measurements from a diverse participant population.

Findings : The findings suggest a potential association where higher intake of heme iron and red meat may contribute to elevated blood pressure, indicating a possible dietary risk factor for hypertension.

Nutritional Intervention

NIH: Vitamin C and its cancer effects, PubMed

This study investigates the effects of supplementary arginine, vitamin C, and zinc on pressure ulcer healing in patients.

Method : The study was a randomized controlled trial involving 16 inpatients with stage 2, 3, or 4 pressure ulcers. Participants were assigned to receive either a standard hospital diet or a diet supplemented with arginine, vitamin C, and zinc, with measurements taken weekly for three weeks.

Findings : Patients who received the supplements demonstrated a significant improvement in pressure ulcer healing compared to those who did not. The findings suggest that these nutrients could enhance healing rates, but further research is needed to confirm these results.

Obesity

N/A: Prostate Cancer Recurrence and Obesity, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the relationship between obesity (BMI) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) in men treated for locally advanced prostate cancer.

Method : The study analyzed data from a phase 3 trial involving 945 men with locally advanced prostate cancer, assessing BMI at baseline and using Cox regression analyses to find associations with PCSM, non-prostate cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality while adjusting for various covariates.

Findings : A greater baseline BMI was significantly associated with higher PCSM, with 5-year PCSM rates of 6.5% for normal weight, 13.1% for overweight, and 12.2% for obese men. The hazard ratios indicated nearly a two-fold risk of dying from prostate cancer for overweight and obese men compared to those with a normal BMI.

Yuan, S. et al.: Green Tea Consumption and Obesity Risk, PubMed, 2012

The relationship between obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), investigating how obesity influences the risk of developing BPH and urinary symptoms.

Method : The study utilized a structured and comprehensive literature review to analyze existing studies regarding obesity, BPH, lower urinary tract symptoms, and physical activity.

Findings : The findings indicated a strong positive correlation between obesity and increased risk of developing BPH, alongside lower urinary tract symptoms. Evidence suggested that greater adiposity was associated with larger prostate volume, higher rates of medical treatment for BPH, and an increased likelihood of experiencing urinary symptoms. Physical activity appeared to reduce this risk.

Pomian et al: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Obese Individuals, PubMed, 2016

The study reviews the relationship between obesity and pelvic floor disorders, highlighting obesity’s role as a risk factor and its implications for treatment efficacy.

Method : The study is a literature review based on reports selected through PubMed searches, including guidelines and Cochrane reviews.

Findings : Obesity is a significant risk factor for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and can exacerbate stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and overactive bladder (OAB). Weight loss is associated with improvements in these conditions, and while obesity does not affect surgical outcomes for pelvic organ prolapse (POP), postoperative complications may be more likely.

NCBI: Fluids and the Risk of Overactive Bladder, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019

The study investigates the association between obesity and the prevalence of nocturia among adults in the U.S., analyzing a nationally representative sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Method : The study employed multivariate logistic regression analysis on NHANES data from 2005 to 2012, involving 14,135 participants, to assess the odds ratio of obesity for nocturia, performing subgroup analyses based on demographics and health conditions, alongside 1:1 propensity score matching for validation.

Findings : The findings indicated that obesity significantly increases the odds of nocturia, with a notable dose-dependent relationship between BMI and nocturia occurrence. Specifically, individuals with a BMI over 30 kg/m2 had a 39% higher odds of experiencing nocturia compared to those without obesity.

N/A: Body Mass Index and Urinary Incontinence, NCBI, 2015

The study investigates the association between body mass index (BMI) and urinary incontinence in women, focusing on how weight loss affects symptoms of incontinence.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing epidemiological studies and clinical trials that examined the relationship between obesity and urinary incontinence in women, as well as summarizing evidence on the effects of weight loss through various interventions.

Findings : The study found that obesity is a significant risk factor for urinary incontinence, with each 5-unit increase in BMI linked to a 20-70% increase in the risk. Weight loss, whether through surgical or nonsurgical methods, was shown to significantly improve urinary incontinence symptoms, indicating that weight management should be a primary treatment strategy for overweight and obese women experiencing urinary incontinence.

Obesity and Cancer

Obesity and urinary incontinence: a systematic review, PubMed, 2012

The study evaluates the evidence linking obesity with prostate cancer (PCa), focusing on its impact on incidence, aggression, and treatment outcomes.

Method : A systematic review of literature published from 1991 to July 2012 was conducted through a PubMed search using various keywords related to obesity and prostate cancer.

Findings : The review concluded that obesity is associated with a higher incidence of aggressive prostate cancer, increased risk of treatment failure, and higher prostate cancer-specific mortality, while weight loss is suggested to potentially slow disease progression.

Obesity and Prostate Disease

National Institute of Health: Central obesity and prostate disease, National Institute of Health

The study explores the association between central obesity and prostate diseases including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa), and prostatitis, detailing various underlying mechanisms.

Method : The review examines existing literature, emphasizing the mechanisms by which central obesity impacts prostate health, such as inflammation, hormonal changes, and metabolic alterations, alongside statistical analysis of relevant studies concerning obesity’s role in prostate diseases.

Findings : The findings indicate that central obesity is a significant risk factor for both BPH and high-grade prostate cancer, with mechanisms including increased intra-abdominal pressure, altered endocrine profiles, and systemic inflammation contributing to prostate disease development.

Obesity and Urology

National Institute of Health: Waist Circumference and Prostate Volume, National Institute of Health

The study investigates the relationship between waist circumference and prostate volume in the context of obesity and its potential role as a risk factor for prostatic enlargement.

Method : This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Among 2,127 male participants, 602 underwent urological assessments, including prostate volume measurement via transrectal ultrasonography, and analysis of serum prostate-specific antigen levels, resulting in 571 participants being included for analysis after applying exclusion criteria.

Findings : The study found a significant linear correlation between waist circumference and increased prostate volume, suggesting that abdominal obesity, indicated by various metrics such as waist circumference and BMI, is positively associated with high-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Omega-3

NA: 2019 meta-analysis of 13 randomized, controlled trials on omega-3 supplements and cardiovascular disease, National Institutes of Health, 2019

This study investigates the association between marine omega-3 supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Method : The meta-analysis combines data from 13 randomized controlled trials with 127,477 participants and examines various cardiovascular outcomes over an average treatment duration of 5 years. Rate ratios are calculated using a fixed-effect meta-analysis, and a meta-regression is conducted to assess the dose-response relationship.

Findings : Marine omega-3 supplementation is associated with a reduced risk of several cardiovascular outcomes, including myocardial infarction, CHD death, and total CVD. The relationship appears to be dose-dependent, with significant risk reductions even after excluding one major trial.

Oncology

Bedolla et al.: Genetic alterations and prostate cancer recurrence, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2007

The study investigates the relationship between genetic alterations and the recurrence of prostate cancer after treatment.

Method : The researchers conducted a genetic analysis of prostate cancer tissue samples from patients who experienced recurrence, comparing them to samples from patients who did not.

Findings : The study found specific genetic alterations that are significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence, suggesting potential biomarkers for monitoring and treatment strategies.

Research Study: Customized laser flashes to generate proton pulses for tumor treatment, Nature, 2022

This study explores the use of laser-accelerated proton beams for tumor treatment in mice, focusing on high dose rate irradiation effects.

Method : The researchers employed a stable laser-driven proton source to deliver controlled doses of radiation (4 Gy) to tumors in a mouse model. The study involved preparation of the mice, precise irradiation setup, and comparison of responses to both laser-driven and clinical proton sources.

Findings : The results demonstrated that the laser-accelerated proton therapy effectively delayed tumor growth in mice, highlighting the potential of ultrahigh dose rate irradiation in cancer treatment. This method allows for tailored irradiation, providing a versatile platform for future radiobiological studies.

Targeting the DNA Repair Pathway in Prostate Cancer, MDPI, 2019

The study focuses on targeting DNA repair pathways, specifically using Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, in the treatment of prostate cancer, especially in cases with DNA repair gene mutations.

Method : The study analyzes published and ongoing clinical trials of PARP inhibitors in prostate cancer treatment, discussing their biological relevance, particularly in relation to DNA repair defects and androgen receptor signaling.

Findings : PARP inhibitors show promise for treating prostate cancer with DNA repair deficiencies, especially in patients with BRCA mutations. The current and ongoing trials indicate they may confer benefits beyond initial expectations, highlighting their potential in personalized treatment approaches.

Ophthalmology

Floppy Iris Syndrome, NCBI, 2023

The study investigates the impact of systemic alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists on iris morphology in relation to intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).

Method : A cross-sectional study involving 29 patients using alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists and 22 untreated controls, employing slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography to measure iris thickness and pupil diameter under standardized conditions.

Findings : Patients on alpha-1 blockers, particularly tamsulosin, exhibited significantly thinner iris dilator muscle region (DMR) thickness and smaller pupil diameter compared to controls, with a correlation to the duration of treatment, indicating structural changes in the iris linked to the risk of IFIS.

Cataract Surgery and Floppy Iris Syndrome, Medscape, 2023

The study investigates the influence of alpha blockers on intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery, particularly focusing on patients with small pupils.

Method : The study utilized a controlled masked design involving 113 patients taking alpha blockers and 113 matched controls. Data was collected on their postoperative outcomes while avoiding the use of epinephrine during surgeries to prevent biases, and IFIS severity was assessed by reviewing procedural videos.

Findings : The study found significantly higher rates of moderate to severe IFIS in patients taking tamsulosin (55.7%) and alfuzosin (39.5%) compared to the control group (12.4%). Moreover, it suggested the necessity of using epinephrine during surgery to mitigate pupil constriction and associated complications.

Posterior Capsular Rupture, NCBI, 2023

The study discusses Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) associated with cataract surgery, its risk factors, and management strategies.

Method : The study is a comprehensive literature review analyzing existing studies on IFIS, focusing on the correlation between various medications, patient demographics, and the prevalence of IFIS, with an emphasis on proper preoperative assessment and management techniques.

Findings : Awareness of risk factors such as the use of tamsulosin and other medications is crucial in preventing IFIS; implementing preoperative prophylaxis and surgical modifications can significantly reduce intraoperative complications like posterior capsule rupture.

Oral Health

Grootjans J, et al.: Mouthwash Use and Nitric Oxide Production: A Randomized Controlled Study, National Library of Medicine – PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the effects of antibacterial mouthwash on the production of nitric oxide from dietary nitrate intake, particularly focusing on the role of oral bacteria in this process.

Method : The study utilized a randomized crossover design involving seven healthy volunteers. Participants ingested a sodium nitrate solution followed by measurements of salivary and plasma nitrite levels, both with and without the use of chlorhexidine-containing mouthwash.

Findings : The results indicated that the antibacterial mouthwash significantly reduced the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in saliva and lowered plasma nitrite levels after nitrate loading, suggesting that commensal oral bacteria play a crucial role in this metabolic process.

Ovary Cancer

K. M. Huan: Ovarian cancer and treatment options, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2010

The study focuses on the early detection of ovarian cancer and evaluates various screening methodologies, including serum markers and imaging techniques, with the aim of increasing diagnosis rates in early stages when treatment is more successful.

Method : The study systematically reviews existing literature and explores various screening modalities such as transvaginal sonography (TVS), serum marker CA125, and the utilization of molecular profiles to identify potential biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer.

Findings : The findings suggest that no single screening method currently meets the necessary specificity and sensitivity for effective general population screening for ovarian cancer. However, combining serum markers like CA125 with imaging techniques can enhance early detection, which is crucial as early-stage diagnosis significantly improves curative outcomes.

Overactive Bladder

Buekenhout, S. A. et al.: Prevalence of Overactive Bladder in the United States and Other Countries, PubMed Central, 2021

The study examines the prevalence of Overactive Bladder (OAB) syndrome, its impact on quality of life, and the economic burden associated with this chronic condition across the United States and other countries.

Method : The study utilized data from various literature sources, including a systematic review of studies spanning from 1988 to 2020, focusing on different epidemiological aspects, risk factors, treatment strategies, and the correlation between OAB symptoms and quality of life.

Findings : OAB is prevalent in 33 million people in the US, with a significant economic impact exceeding $12 billion annually. The condition causes considerable impairment in quality of life, marked by sleep disorders, anxiety, and increased healthcare costs, varying significantly among different populations.

Huang, A. J. et al.: The Prevalence of Overactive Bladder in Women: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample, PubMed Central, 2016

The prevalence and impact of overactive bladder (OAB) on women in the United States, along with associated public health concerns.

Method : A nationally representative sample was analyzed through various surveys, including the National Overactive Bladder Evaluation (NOBLE), EpiLUTS study, and OAB-POLL, gathering data on prevalence, symptoms, and effects on quality of life and healthcare utilization.

Findings : Approximately 15.1% of U.S. women report experiencing OAB symptoms, with significant negative impacts on quality of life, healthcare utilization, and lost productivity. The studies indicated that OAB affects women disproportionately compared to men and highlights a significant public health burden.

D. J. Haffner: Prevalence of Overactive Bladder in Adults, PubMed, 2001

The study investigates the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and their impact on individuals’ quality of life.

Method : Epidemiological studies reviewed to assess prevalence rates, definitions of OAB and its symptoms, particularly frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence.

Findings : Prevalence of OAB varies significantly, ranging from 3% to 43%, with increased rates in older populations and women; many individuals with OAB symptoms do not seek treatment, indicating that OAB is underdiagnosed.

K. E. Kuo: The effect of bladder diary duration on the reliability of bladder diary data in patients with overactive bladder, PubMed, 2003

The study investigates the impact of voiding diary duration on the reliability of data in patients with overactive bladder symptoms.

Method : Participants, consisting of 21 men and 133 women with urge incontinence, completed a 7-day voiding diary on two separate occasions. The researchers assessed test-retest reliability and validity by estimating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for various bladder symptoms.

Findings : The study found that the 7-day voiding diary is reliable and valid for documenting symptoms of overactive bladder, with good reliability (ICC 0.81-0.86). Shorter diary durations (3 and 4 days) showed similar reliability, suggesting they may be sufficient for symptom assessment.

Oxidative Stress

NIH Study on Oxidative Stress and Cancer, National Institute of Health

The study reviews the relationship between antioxidants, oxidative stress, and cancer, addressing misconceptions regarding antioxidants’ role in health and disease.

Method : The study employs a literature review approach, analyzing current definitions, effects, and implications of antioxidants in biological systems and their relevance to cancer treatment and prevention.

Findings : The findings suggest that antioxidants can have both beneficial and harmful effects depending on dosage and context; while some antioxidants may help prevent certain diseases, excessive or inappropriate use can contribute to adverse health outcomes, including cancer progression.

Pain Management

Cannabis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco: Stinging nettles for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial, NCBI, 2012

This study examines the efficacy of stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) in alleviating symptoms associated with knee osteoarthritis.

Method : A randomized controlled trial was conducted, where participants were assigned to receive either stinging nettle supplementation or a placebo. Various measures of pain and function were assessed before and after the intervention period.

Findings : Participants receiving stinging nettles experienced a significant reduction in pain levels and improvement in joint function compared to the placebo group, indicating that stinging nettles may be an effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis.

Palliative Care

Towle, V.: Pain prevalence and characteristics in a sample of cancer patients, PubMed, 2012

The study examines the impact of early palliative care on chemotherapy usage and end-of-life care in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Method : This research is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial involving 151 newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC patients who received either early palliative care with standard oncology treatment or standard oncology care alone. Outcomes measured included chemotherapy administration frequency, timing, and hospice referral.

Findings : Early palliative care did not significantly alter the number of chemotherapy regimens but resulted in lower odds of receiving chemotherapy within 60 days of death, a longer interval between last chemotherapy and death, and greater enrollment in hospice care for over one week, indicating improved quality of end-of-life care.

Pathology

Sanches, F.F., et al.: Anatomical aspects of the female urethra, SciELO, 2016

This study presents a case report of urethral adenocarcinoma in a 54-year-old woman, detailing symptoms, diagnostic process, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilized a detailed case report format, including clinical evaluation, surgical intervention, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analyses for diagnosis and treatment management.

Findings : The findings revealed a rare case of mucin-secreting urethral adenocarcinoma, which severely impacted the patient’s quality of life, requiring extensive surgical treatment and resulting in the necessity of a permanent catheter. Despite the aggressive nature of the condition, the patient remained free of recurrence after two years of follow-up.

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

Miller, J. et al.: Pelvic floor dysfunction prevalence in mothers after delivery: a study of two delivery modes, PubMed Central, 2013

The study investigates the prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in mothers after delivery, comparing outcomes between different delivery modes.

Method : The study is a literature review that synthesizes evidence from observational studies examining the association between modes of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean) and the incidence of pelvic floor disorders such as stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

Findings : The study finds that vaginal childbirth is strongly associated with a higher prevalence of PFDs compared to cesarean delivery, particularly highlighting risk factors like multiparity, operative vaginal delivery, and prolonged labor which contribute to these issues.

Pelvic Floor Training

N/A: Effects of Kegel Exercises on Urinary Incontinence After Prostatectomy, PubMed, 2014

The study examines how pelvic floor muscle training, specifically Kegel exercises, can assist in managing urinary incontinence post-prostatectomy in males.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and clinical applications focusing on the implementation of pelvic floor muscle training for various male urological conditions, including post-surgical urinary incontinence.

Findings : Pelvic floor muscle training has demonstrated potential benefits in alleviating urinary incontinence symptoms following prostate surgery, contributing positively to male genitourinary health.

N/A: Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Patients Receiving Radiotherapy, PubMed, 2021

The study evaluates the impact of Kegel exercises in preventing urinary and fecal incontinence among prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Method : A nonrandomized experimental study involving 60 patients, divided into an intervention group (Kegel exercises) and a control group, with performance and assessment conducted over eight weeks.

Findings : The intervention group showed significantly less incidence of urinary incontinence at the end of the study compared to the control group, along with improved quality of life and fewer symptoms like fatigue and constipation.

Pelvic Health

N/A: Kegel Exercises and Their Efficacy in Patients Undergoing Prostate Cancer Treatment, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the impact of radiation therapy (RT) on the structure and function of pelvic floor muscles in cancer patients, particularly those treated for pelvic cancers.

Method : A systematic review was conducted by searching electronic databases such as PubMed Central and CINAHL up to June 2014. The search included 369 articles, of which 13 met the eligibility criteria and were evaluated for methodological quality.

Findings : The review found evidence that RT adversely affects the structure and function of pelvic floor muscles (PFMs), with notable impacts observed in men treated for prostate cancer and patients with rectal cancer.

Urology Health: Pelvic Floor Muscles, Urology Health

This study focuses on pelvic floor muscles, particularly Kegel exercises, which are designed to strengthen these muscles to improve bladder control and prevent urinary leakage.

Method : The study outlines techniques for locating and exercising pelvic floor muscles, provides guidelines for proper exercise execution, and offers routines to follow for effective strengthening.

Findings : Regular practice of pelvic floor exercises can enhance muscle strength and control, helping to reduce urinary urgency and leakage over time, with noticeable improvements often seen within six weeks.

Pelvic Pain

Nursing Times: Chronic Pelvic Pain and Prostatitis: Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment, Nursing Times, 2017

The study focuses on chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and prostatitis, exploring their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies, alongside their impact on quality of life and psychological well-being.

Method : The study reviews existing literature regarding the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options available for CPPS and prostatitis, emphasizing a holistic and multidisciplinary management approach.

Findings : Chronic pelvic pain and prostatitis are complex conditions with no definitive cure, requiring comprehensive care that addresses physical, psychological, and emotional needs. Effective management may include medication, lifestyle changes, and complementary therapies, alongside psychological support.

Clemens and colleagues: Benefit of a 12-week biofeedback program of pelvic floor re-education and bladder training, PubMed

The study investigates the efficacy of a biofeedback program combined with pelvic floor re-education and bladder training in reducing symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) in males.

Method : Nineteen male patients with CPPS participated in a 12-week program that involved biweekly biofeedback sessions to teach pelvic floor muscle control and relaxation, combined with home exercises and bladder training. Symptom assessments were conducted pre- and post-treatment, including voiding logs and pain scores.

Findings : Patients exhibited significant improvements in urinary symptoms, with AUA symptom scores decreasing from 15 to 7.5, pain scores dropping from an average of 5 to 1, and voiding intervals increasing from 0.88 hours to 3 hours, indicating the program’s effectiveness in alleviating CPPS symptoms.

Pesticide Exposure

Eriksson et al.: Pesticide exposure and prostate cancer risk in Swedish farmers, PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the potential link between pesticide exposure and the risk of developing prostate cancer specifically in Swedish farmers.

Method : The researchers used a cohort study design, collecting data from Swedish farmers through questionnaires and medical records to assess pesticide exposure and prostate cancer incidence.

Findings : The findings indicated that exposure to certain pesticides was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, highlighting the importance of monitoring pesticide use among agricultural workers.

Pharmacokinetics

Evidence suggesting calcium impacts levofloxacin effectiveness, PubMed, 2003

This study investigates the bioequivalence of levofloxacin when administered in a fed state versus fasting, particularly focusing on the effects of mineral-fortified foods like calcium-fortified orange juice and cereal.

Method : The researchers conducted a clinical trial with 16 healthy volunteers who were given 500 mg of levofloxacin alongside various meal conditions, including fasting, a calcium-fortified breakfast, and with milk. Plasma samples were collected to assess drug levels over 48 hours.

Findings : The study found that neither fed condition demonstrated bioequivalence with the fasting state, showing significant reductions in maximum concentration (Cmax) of levofloxacin, indicating that calcium-fortified foods adversely affect the drug’s bioavailability.

Pharmacology

Studies: Impact of Grapefruit Juice on Tadalafil Efficacy, NCBI, 2020-04-01

The study investigates how grapefruit juice affects the pharmacokinetics of tadalafil in rats.

Method : The study utilized a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure tadalafil concentrations in plasma from two groups of rats: one receiving grapefruit juice and the other receiving normal saline, followed by administration of tadalafil.

Findings : Grapefruit juice significantly increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) of tadalafil by 75.17%, extended its half-life (t1/2) by 2.42 hours, and increased overall exposure (AUC) in rats, indicating that grapefruit juice inhibits the metabolism of tadalafil.

Pumpkin Seed Oil Enhances the Effect of Tadalafil in Inhibiting Testosterone-Induced Benign Hyperplasia, MDPI, 2019

This study investigates the combined effect of Tadalafil (TDL) and Pumpkin Seed Oil (PSO) in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study utilized an experimental design involving a rat model, where various formulations of TDL-PSO self nanoemulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS) were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing prostate weight and improving pharmacokinetics.

Findings : The optimized TDL-PSO SNEDDS resulted in a significant reduction in prostate weight (35.51%) and prostate index (36.71%) compared to the testosterone-only group, along with a 2.3-fold increase in TDL concentration in the prostate, indicating enhanced efficacy in managing BPH.

FDA: Ciprofloxacin Use in Pregnant and Lactating Women, FDA

The study investigates the safety and effects of ciprofloxacin usage in pregnant and lactating women, mainly concerning its use during anthrax exposure.

Method : The analysis is based on observational data, expert reviews, and animal studies regarding ciprofloxacin’s safety, as well as reported cases of pregnancies where ciprofloxacin was used.

Findings : Findings suggest that ciprofloxacin may not pose a substantial teratogenic risk during pregnancy, and while it is excreted in breast milk, it is considered compatible with breastfeeding; however, more data is needed for conclusive evidence.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Flutamide – NCBI Bookshelf, NCBI, Not provided

The study reviews the use of flutamide, an anti-androgen medication, in treating androgen-dependent tumors, particularly prostate cancer, and conditions related to hyperandrogenism, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Method : The study employs a literature review methodology, summarizing the mechanism of action, indications, efficacy, safety, and adverse effects of flutamide alongside alternative anti-androgen medications.

Findings : Flutamide is effective in treating prostate cancer and PCOS, exhibiting notable efficacy with a risk of hepatic toxicity. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring liver function and suggests that flutamide may offer advantages over other anti-androgens in specific contexts, while noting the necessity of careful clinical management.

NCBI: A Study on Tamsulosin, NCBI, 2006

This study investigates the safety profile of tamsulosin, an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A multicenter, open-label phase IIIb study was conducted with 1784 male patients, administering 0.4 mg of tamsulosin daily for 6 months, while monitoring adverse events and tolerability with an intention-to-treat analysis.

Findings : The study recorded 386 adverse events (14.2%), with a low incidence of serious adverse events, concluding that tamsulosin has a favorable safety profile, especially in the context of comedications, except with other α1-adrenoceptor antagonists.

N/A: Alfuzosin: An Effective Medicine for Treating BPH, National Center for Biotechnology Information, N/A

The study evaluates the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of alfuzosin and its clinical efficacy in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Method : A systematic review was conducted examining literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane libraries over the past decade, analyzing registration trials, randomized clinical trials, and relevant studies on alfuzosin’s safety, efficacy, and tolerability compared to other alpha-blockers.

Findings : Alfuzosin is effective in treating LUTS/BPH with a better tolerability profile and fewer sexual side effects compared to other alpha-blockers. It is well-tolerated even in patients on antihypertensive therapy and demonstrates positive effects in combination therapy with antimuscarinic agents or PDE5 inhibitors.

National Institutes of Health: Finasteride oral route side effects, National Institutes of Health, 2014

This study compares the effectiveness and side effects of finasteride and dutasteride in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study evaluated data from both comparative clinical trials and non-comparative long-term outcomes of finasteride and dutasteride, focusing on their impact on DHT levels, prostate volume, symptom relief, and incidence of adverse events.

Findings : Dutasteride substantially reduces serum DHT levels more than finasteride, but both drugs show similar efficacy in reducing prostate volume and improving BPH symptoms, with comparable safety profiles and adverse event rates.

N/A: Study on sertraline and urinary symptoms, Springer, N/A

The study examines urinary hesitancy and retention in patients taking sertraline for depression.

Method : The study presents two case reports of women experiencing urinary symptoms after starting sertraline treatment, with symptom relief observed after discontinuation of the medication.

Findings : Both women reported urinary hesitancy and retention, which were resolved upon discontinuing sertraline, highlighting a potential uncommon side effect of this medication.

Brown, T.: Effects of glucocorticoids on PSA levels, PubMed Central, 2013

The study investigates the effects of glucocorticoids on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in prostate cancer LNCaP cells.

Method : The study utilized prostate cancer LNCaP cells to assess the impact of 14 prescription drugs, focusing on changes in PSA mRNA expression levels measured through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and luciferase assays to evaluate androgen receptor transcriptional activity.

Findings : Among the drugs tested, betamethasone significantly increased PSA mRNA expression and androgen receptor activity, indicating that its effects may alter PSA levels in prostate cancer patients.

NCBI: Doxycycline, NCBI Books

Assessment of the long-term health effects of doxycycline when used for malaria prophylaxis.

Method : The study involved a systematic review of existing literature and data collection through epidemiological studies across various populations including military personnel, Peace Corps volunteers, and travelers to determine the incidence of adverse events following the cessation of doxycycline use.

Findings : The review found mixed results regarding the adverse events associated with long-term use of doxycycline for malaria prophylaxis, indicating some immediate adverse effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms and photosensitivity, but insufficient evidence of persistent or latent health issues after cessation of the drug.

Alfuzosin and Blood Pressure: A Study of Safety and Efficacy, PubMed

This study evaluates the effects of alfuzosin on blood pressure and heart rate in young healthy males.

Method : The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial involving 14 male participants who received either alfuzosin (10mg) or placebo for one week, with key measurements taken weekly during the treatment periods.

Findings : The study found no significant differences in blood pressure or heart rate between the alfuzosin and placebo groups, indicating that alfuzosin does not affect blood pressure in healthy men.

Not mentioned: Blurry Vision Study, MDPI, Not mentioned

The study explores the visual side effects associated with the use of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor commonly used for erectile dysfunction, focusing on how it affects visual perception and health.

Method : A systematic review of clinical trials and literature related to the effects of sildenafil on vision was conducted, analyzing data from various studies published from 1990 to 2020.

Findings : Sildenafil was found to cause transient visual disturbances such as blurred vision, altered color perception, and increased light sensitivity, particularly at higher doses; however, it does not appear to cause permanent damage to retinal tissues as long as the recommended doses are adhered to, but caution is warranted in certain populations.

Physical Activity

Experts: Swimming Benefits After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, PubMed

This study analyzes the impact of physical activity on survival rates after a prostate cancer diagnosis.

Method : The research involved evaluating physical activity levels among 2,705 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between 1990 and 2008. Proportional hazards models were utilized to assess the relationship between physical activity and mortality rates.

Findings : The study found that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality, suggesting that engaging in regular vigorous activities may greatly improve survival outcomes for prostate cancer patients.

N/A: Physical activity and its influence on cancer survivorship., PubMed, N/A

The study investigates the association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 cohort studies and 24 case-control studies involving a total of 88,294 prostate cancer cases, gathered from databases including Medline, Embase, and Web of Science.

Findings : The analysis showed that total physical activity was significantly associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, with a pooled relative risk of 0.90. Specifically, increased occupational physical activity resulted in a 19% risk reduction (RR: 0.81), while recreational physical activity was associated with a minimal reduction (RR: 0.95). The greatest risk reductions were observed in men aged 20-65.

Physical activity and the prevention of prostate cancer, NIH, 2020

The study explores the role of physical activity, particularly sports participation, in preventing and managing prostate cancer and its associated health impacts.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing various databases and studies that examined the effects of sports activities on cancer patients, focusing on prostate cancer and others, to assess safety, feasibility, and benefits of sport activities.

Findings : The results indicated that participation in structured sport programs is safe, feasible, and has potential physical and psychological benefits for cancer patients, suggesting that sport can be an effective strategy in cancer prevention and management.

Physical Therapy

Pelvic Floor Exercises for Urinary Symptoms, NCBI, 2019

The study investigates the effects of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on women with urinary incontinence (UI), comparing it with control treatments such as no treatment or inactive control treatments.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on 31 trials involving 1817 women, where randomised controlled trials comparing PFMT to no or placebo treatments were included. Data on various outcomes such as participant-reported cure rates, improvement in symptoms, quality of life, and leakage episodes were extracted and analysed statistically.

Findings : The findings indicated that PFMT significantly improved UI symptoms, with participants in the PFMT groups being eight times more likely to report a cure for stress urinary incontinence compared to controls. Overall, PFMT resulted in improved symptom relief, a reduction in leakage episodes, and better quality of life. Adverse events were rare, suggesting that PFMT is a safe and effective first-line treatment for women with urinary incontinence.

Physiology

Sharma S, et al.: Roles of Nitric Oxide in Cardiac and Pulmonary Physiology, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016

The study focuses on the roles of nitric oxide (NO) in cardiac and pulmonary physiology, highlighting its significance in various biological functions and disease states.

Method : The study includes a review of existing literature and research on nitric oxide production, signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing NO levels in the body.

Findings : The findings suggest that enhancing nitric oxide availability can have significant therapeutic benefits for various diseases, particularly cardiovascular conditions, and underscore the potential for developing NO-based treatments and delivery systems.

Phytochemistry

Chojnacki C, Gawlik-Dziki U, Szymanowska U, and Zawirska-Wojtasiak R.: Nettle (Urtica dioica) and its phytochemical properties, NCBI, 1999

The study investigates the inhibitory effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB, which is linked to enhanced expression of inflammatory genes in chronic diseases.

Method : The researchers treated various cell types with standardized extracts of nettle (IDS23) and assessed their effects on NF-kappaB activation in response to different stimuli.

Findings : The results revealed that IDS23 suppressed NF-kappaB activation by preventing the degradation of its inhibitor IkappaB-alpha, indicating that the anti-inflammatory properties of Urtica dioica may stem from its ability to inhibit this transcription factor.

N/A: Clinical significance of Pygeum in treating prostatitis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, N/A

The study investigates the chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the bark extracts from Prunus tucumanensis Lillo.

Method : The researchers tested hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts from the bark for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects, comparing their activities to that of dexamethasone and a commercial formulation (Pygeum).

Findings : The methanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity similar to dexamethasone, strong antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria, but exhibited no cytotoxic effects on human macrophage cells. The analysis revealed important chemical constituents in the extract.

Phytosterols

M. C. L. Schulte, G. L., & B. K. Richardson: The Influence of Phytosterol on Cholesterol Level in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 1990-11-01

The study investigates the effects of phytosterols, specifically beta-sitosterol, on cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. It aims to determine the efficacy of phytosterols in lowering total cholesterol and influencing other lipid profiles.

Method : The research involved a randomized controlled trial with 28 patients suffering from primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Participants received a dietetic preparation containing phytosterols at a dosage of 12 g/day over three weeks while monitoring various lipid parameters.

Findings : Results indicated significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, along with a decrease in apolipoprotein B levels. The study also found increases in HDL cholesterol, but these changes were not statistically significant. Overall, phytosterols demonstrated a potential for improving cholesterol profiles in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Phytotherapy

Effects of Pumpkin Oil on Poisoned Mice, Onlinelibrary, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of pumpkin oil on mice that have been poisoned, specifically looking at its protective effects against toxicity.

Method : Mice were administered a toxic substance and then treated with pumpkin oil. Their survival rates and any observable physiological changes were monitored to assess the oil’s effectiveness.

Findings : The study found that pumpkin oil significantly improved survival rates in poisoned mice compared to those that did not receive the oil, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent against poisoning.

N/A: Saw Palmetto, National Center for Biotechnology Information, N/A

The study investigates the efficacy of Saw Palmetto berry extract in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Method : The study involves a review and analysis of clinical trials comparing Saw Palmetto (specifically the Permixon formulation) to other treatments like finasteride and placebo. It summarizes outcomes from multiple studies assessing symptom relief, medication side effects, and hormonal changes.

Findings : The findings indicate that while Saw Palmetto may show some potential for symptom relief in BPH, definitive clinical efficacy remains inconclusive due to theoretical benefits and variability in product formulations, with studies often lacking sufficient design and control to establish solid conclusions.

Lee, H. J. et al.: Polyphenols from Green Tea Reduce Prostate Hyperplasia via Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms, MDPI, 2020

The study examines the potential pharmacological effects of polyphenols, particularly from green tea, in reducing inflammation and hyperplasia in the prostate, specifically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study includes a comprehensive review of existing literature and studies that explore the relationships between polyphenol consumption, inflammation, oxidative stress, and benign prostatic hyperplasia, including both in vitro and in vivo experiments that illustrate these effects.

Findings : The findings indicate that polyphenols, especially those found in green tea, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can help to mitigate the symptoms of BPH by reducing prostate hyperplasia and associated inflammation, suggesting a potential clinical usefulness in BPH management.

Cochrane Collaboration: Beta-sitosterol for benign prostatic hyperplasia, Cochrane, Date not specified

This study assesses the effects of beta-sitosterols on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study used a systematic review approach, gathering data from randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials involving 519 men. It analyzed the effectiveness of beta-sitosterols compared to placebo and other medications based on changes in urologic symptom scores and urodynamic measurements.

Findings : Beta-sitosterols significantly improved urinary symptoms and flow measures without affecting prostate size, demonstrating a weighted mean difference of -4.9 IPSS points and an increase in peak urine flow. However, the long-term effectiveness and safety of beta-sitosterols remain uncertain.

Properties and Effects of Astragalus Membranaceus, SpringerLink, 2007

The study investigates the immuno-regulatory effects of Astragalus Injection in treating chronic aplastic anemia.

Method : Sixty patients with chronic aplastic anemia were divided into two equal groups, one receiving Astragalus Injection along with a standard androgen treatment for 15 days, followed by follow-ups over more than four months. The clinical efficacy and various blood parameters including T-lymphocyte subsets were measured and compared.

Findings : The treated group showed a significantly higher total effective rate (83.3% vs 66.7%) and greater improvements in hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. Notably, there were significant increases in CD4+ T cells and decreases in CD8+ T cells, along with reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-2, indicating that Astragalus Injection helps in recovery from aplastic anemia.

N/A: ryegrass extract, PMC, N/A

The study investigates the effectiveness of flower pollen extract in treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) based on a systematic review of clinical trials.

Method : A comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase was conducted to analyze pre-clinical and clinical studies involving flower pollen extract for CP/CPPS. The meta-analysis was performed using randomized controlled trials (RCTs), focusing on the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and Quality of Life (QoL) metrics.

Findings : The findings indicate that flower pollen extract significantly improves symptom relief and quality of life in patients with CP/CPPS, with a mean response rate of 74.4% in RCTs and minimal adverse effects reported. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant positive impact on patient quality of life (p = 0.02), suggesting its potential as a beneficial phytotherapeutic option.

B. J. A. Hernández et al.: Effect of Garlic Paste in Patients with Oral Yeast Infections, PubMed, 2005

The study investigates the efficacy of garlic paste as a treatment for oral candidiasis compared to conventional clotrimazole solution.

Method : A randomized trial was conducted with 56 patients who were treated with topical garlic paste for 14 days.

Findings : The results indicated that garlic paste was as effective as clotrimazole in suppressing clinical signs of oral candidiasis, suggesting its potential role in treatment.

Sinha, R. et al.: Evaluation of Efficacy of Boswellia Serrata in Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial, NCBI, 2016

The study evaluates the efficacy of Boswellia Serrata in treating osteoarthritis of the knee.

Method : This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved participants diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis, who were assigned to receive either Boswellia Serrata extract or a placebo to assess improvements in pain and function over a specified period.

Findings : The results showed that those treated with Boswellia Serrata experienced significant reductions in pain and improvement in function compared to the placebo group, indicating its effectiveness in managing knee osteoarthritis.

A. H. M. Tzeng et al.: Efficacy of Stinging Nettle Root in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, PubMed, 2002-05-15

The study investigates the efficacy of stinging nettle root extract (Bazoton-uno) in treating lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study was conducted over 12 months with 246 men suffering from benign prostatic syndrome, measuring the change in IPSS and other urinary parameters between treatment and placebo groups.

Findings : The study found a significant reduction in IPSS scores for the treatment group compared to placebo, with Bazoton uno showing a favorable safety profile and potentially fewer adverse events, although no strong changes in other urinary metrics were observed.

Pituitary Tumors

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: ACTH Producing Tumors, MSKCC

The study investigates Cushing’s disease caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, focusing on its diagnosis, treatment, and patient management.

Method : The study employs various diagnostic methods such as blood, urine, and saliva tests to measure cortisol levels, alongside imaging techniques like MRI and a specialized venous sampling procedure for precise hormone source identification.

Findings : The primary treatment for Cushing’s disease is a minimally invasive surgical approach to remove the pituitary tumor, with additional options including radiation therapy and medications for persistent cases, emphasizing multidisciplinary support for patient care.

Plant Biology

Deliya A, Vadlani P, Singh G, et al.: Rutabaga: A Forgotten Natural Antifungal Agent, PubMed, 2004

The study focuses on the phytoalexins produced by rutabaga (Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera) and their antifungal properties against plant pathogens.

Method : The researchers isolated and characterized three new phytoalexins from rutabaga, conducting syntheses to confirm their structures. Additionally, they performed biological assays to determine the antifungal activity of these compounds against four plant pathogens and conducted biosynthetic studies using deuterated precursors.

Findings : The study identified three new phytoalexins, isalexin, brassicanate A, and rutalexin, which demonstrated significant antifungal activity against selected pathogens. It was also established that certain compounds serve as biosynthetic precursors for the new phytoalexins.

Plant Extracts

B. Stough, et al.: Saw Palmetto Berry for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, PubMed, 2002

The study investigates the antiestrogenic activity of Serenoa repens extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on 35 BPH patients who were randomly assigned to receive either Serenoa repens extract or a placebo. Steroid receptors were evaluated in both cytosolic and nuclear fractions using various biochemical techniques.

Findings : The results indicated that Serenoa repens extract significantly reduced nuclear estrogen receptors in treated patients compared to the untreated group, suggesting its potential as an effective treatment for reducing estrogenic activity in BPH cases.

Polyphenols

N/A: Health effects of polyphenols, PubMed, 2011

This study reviews the health effects of dietary plant polyphenols, particularly their antioxidant properties and potential role in managing hypertension.

Method : The paper summarizes findings from various human intervention studies involving foods and beverages rich in polyphenols, such as grapes, cocoa, and green tea. It also discusses the biochemical mechanisms through which polyphenols may regulate nitric oxide levels, affecting blood pressure.

Findings : The review suggests that higher consumption of polyphenols is linked to lower blood pressure, largely due to improved endothelial function via nitric oxide regulation. While more research is needed, the evidence supports considering polyphenol-rich diets for hypertensive individuals.

N/A: A review on dietary polyphenols: Their role in health and disease, PubMed, 2010

The study investigates the effects of black and green tea polyphenols on blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Method : The researchers used male SHRSP rats and divided them into three groups: control (tap water), black tea polyphenol group, and green tea polyphenol group. Blood pressure was measured continuously using a telemetry system, and protein expressions in the aorta were analyzed via Western blotting after the treatment.

Findings : Both black and green tea polyphenols significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the control group, and they increased catalase expression and decreased phosphorylated myosin light chain expression in rat aorta, suggesting an antioxidant mechanism.

Premature Ejaculation

Anonymous: Changes in ejaculation, NATURE, 2023

The study examines the definition and prevalence of premature ejaculation (PE), which is identified as a prevalent sexual dysfunction affecting approximately 30% of men worldwide.

Method : The authors conducted a review of existing literature to assess the epidemiology, definitions, and impact of premature ejaculation, highlighting the variation in prevalence across different socio-cultural and geographic populations.

Findings : The findings indicate that there is no universally accepted definition of PE, complicating clinical research and management. The study touches on various risk factors associated with PE, emphasizing the necessity for better understanding and clearer definitions to improve clinical practice.

Pro-inflammatory Response

Cytokines and Prostate Cancer Staging, PLOS ONE

This study investigates the effects of xanthan gum in the diet of Wistar rats on cytokine production and tumor development after inoculation with Walker 256 cancer cells.

Method : Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and given different diets: control, control with tumor, xanthan gum diet, and xanthan gum diet with tumor. Cytokine levels were measured in various tissues after euthanization, while tumor development and body weight were monitored throughout the study.

Findings : Xanthan gum diet led to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in adipose tissues but did not affect tumor development in the rats inoculated with Walker 256 cells, indicating that while xanthan gum promotes an inflammatory response, it does not contribute to tumor growth in this model.

Probiotics

Not specified: Probiotics for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections, PubMed, Not specified

This study reviews the efficacy of probiotics, particularly lactobacilli, in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. The focus is on the potential role of restoring urogenital flora dominated by lactobacilli to protect against uropathogens.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review, analyzing a variety of studies including in vitro, animal experiments, microbiological studies, and clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of probiotics in UTI prophylaxis.

Findings : The review indicates that some specific strains of lactobacilli, particularly L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14, show promise in preventing recurrent UTIs, while emphasizing a good safety profile. However, the authors call for more extensive research to confirm these findings before promoting widespread use.

T. Heeney, et al.: The effect of probiotics on inflammation: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2013

The study investigates the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 on weight loss and maintenance in obese individuals over a period of 24 weeks.

Method : This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial where participants were given either a probiotic or placebo, while adhering to a moderate energy-restricted diet for the first 12 weeks, followed by a maintenance period for another 12 weeks. Body weight and composition were measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks.

Findings : The study found that women receiving the probiotic experienced significantly greater weight loss than those on placebo after the first 12 weeks, and continued to lose weight during the maintenance phase, whereas men showed no significant difference between groups. The LPR probiotic was associated with reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin levels in women.

Processed Meat

Processed meat consumption and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies., PubMed

The study investigates the correlation between processed meat consumption and the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Method : The authors conducted a meta-analysis by reviewing epidemiological and experimental studies that assess the relationship between processed meat intake and colorectal cancer risk, reporting a significant excess risk associated with high processed meat consumption.

Findings : The study found that individuals in the highest category of processed meat consumers had a 20% to 50% increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-eaters, highlighting that the risk per gram of processed meat is notably higher than that associated with fresh red meat.

Prostate Biology

Prostatic growth factors, PubMed, 2000

The study discusses the development and physiology of the prostate gland, focusing on the role of steroid hormones in regulating growth and function.

Method : The study employs a review methodology to synthesize existing knowledge on the intercellular communication and hormonal influences affecting prostatic development and secretory functions.

Findings : The findings indicate that prostate development is influenced by androgens which promote both differentiation in prostatic epithelial cells and complex cell-cell interactions that dictate growth and function.

Prostate Biopsy

Bens Natural Health Team: Transrectal versus Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: A Review of the Literature, Bens Natural Health, 2023

This study investigates mortality and complications associated with prostate biopsies, particularly comparing outcomes following biopsies with control rates observed in men without biopsies following negative prostate cancer screenings.

Method : The study utilized data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, analyzing mortality rates and complications within 120 days post-biopsy versus a control group. It involved statistical analysis using multivariate techniques to control for confounding factors such as age, comorbidities, and smoking.

Findings : The study found no increased mortality following prostate biopsy, with a mortality rate of 0.95 per 1,000 biopsies compared to 1.8 per 1,000 in the control group. Complications from biopsies were relatively low, with identifiable risk factors such as prostate inflammation and black race being associated with higher complication rates.

Study on Prostate Biopsy: Study on Prostate Biopsy and Erectile Response, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of prostate biopsy and periprostatic nerve block on erectile and voiding functions in patients.

Method : The study involved 198 patients who suspected prostate cancer, randomly assigned to receive prostate biopsy with or without nerve block, and their voiding and erectile function was evaluated using survey scores before and after the procedure at multiple intervals.

Findings : Prostate biopsy significantly impaired voiding function, and while erectile function was transiently affected, this response depended on the type of biopsy and the use of nerve blocks. Quality of life was also significantly impacted post-biopsy.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate Health Overview, NCBI, Unknown

The study investigates the role of the cell cycle protein Cdc20 in maintaining stem-like characteristics in prostate cancer cells, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for cancer progression.

Method : The authors analyzed prostate cancer samples from 121 patients and conducted in vitro experiments on prostate cancer cell lines, assessing the expression of stemness genes and examining the effects of Cdc20 depletion on cancer cell behavior.

Findings : Cdc20 was found to be highly expressed in advanced stages of prostate cancer, correlating with poor survival. Depletion of Cdc20 reduced stemness gene expression and hindered tumor formation, suggesting that Cdc20 promotes a cancer stem cell-like population, mediated through stabilization of β-catenin.

N/A: MRI Screening in Prostate Cancer, PubMed, February 2018

The study investigates the effectiveness of an MRI-based prediction model in reducing unnecessary biopsies for patients suspected of having prostate cancer, while maintaining accuracy in detecting clinically significant disease.

Method : The research utilized a cohort of patients who underwent MRI and MRI-TRUS fusion-guided biopsies, alongside traditional systematic biopsies. A total of 400 patients in the development cohort and 251 patients in a validation cohort were analyzed, focusing on MRI-derived parameters combined with clinical variables.

Findings : The MRI-based prediction model improved the detection accuracy, raising the area under the curve from 64% to 84%. It allowed for the possibility of performing 100 fewer biopsies without increasing missed cases of clinically significant prostate cancer.

Not Specified: Data on urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy, Ben’s Natural Health, Not Specified

This study investigates long-term adverse effects following retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in men with prostate cancer.

Method : A nationwide, population-based cohort study utilizing data from the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden, analyzing cases from 2004-2014. Adverse postoperative effects included anastomotic stricture, urinary incontinence, and hernias, with relative risk calculated via multivariable Poisson regression analysis.

Findings : The risk of urinary incontinence was similar for both surgical techniques, but RARP had a significantly lower risk of anastomotic stricture (RR = 0.51) and a higher risk of incisional hernia (RR = 1.48) compared to RRP. Overall, the long-term risk profiles for RARP and RRP were quite similar.

Standard Hormone Therapies for Prostate Cancer, NCBI, Unknown

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of Abiraterone in treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), suggesting it as a new standard therapy.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, analyzing data from 10 trials with 2,283 patients, comparing abiraterone plus prednisone to placebo plus prednisone, assessing overall survival and other outcomes using statistical methods.

Findings : Abiraterone significantly improved overall survival, radiographic progression-free survival, and time to PSA progression compared to placebo; adverse events were manageable, supporting Abiraterone’s role as a new standard treatment for mCRPC.

Grossfeld et al.: The Impact of Surgical Margins on Prostate Cancer Recurrence, Journal of Clinical Urology, 2000

The study investigates how surgical margins affect the recurrence rates of prostate cancer after surgical intervention.

Method : The study reviews clinical outcomes of patients who underwent prostatectomy, comparing recurrence rates based on the status of surgical margins post-operation, using data analysis techniques to evaluate prognostic significance.

Findings : The findings indicate that positive surgical margins significantly correlate with higher rates of prostate cancer recurrence, highlighting the importance of achieving clear margins during surgery to improve patient outcomes.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Prostate Cancer Statistics, NCBI Books

The study examines the anatomy and clinical significance of the prostate gland, including its role in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study utilized a literature review method, integrating findings from various sources to discuss the anatomy, embryology, blood supply, nerves, surgical considerations, and clinical significance associated with the prostate gland.

Findings : Key findings include the identification of the anatomical zones of the prostate, the relationship between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and the various treatment options available for BPH and prostate cancer, emphasizing the importance of understanding prostate anatomy in clinical settings.

Carlson: Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis, PubMed, 2011

The study examines the influence of alcohol and tobacco consumption on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with and without prostate tumors.

Method : A comparative study was conducted with 59 men, including 20 with prostate tumors and 39 without. Serum PSA levels were measured, and statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the results based on alcohol and tobacco usage.

Findings : The study found that PSA levels were significantly higher in men with prostate tumors compared to controls. Additionally, alcohol and tobacco consumers in the prostate tumor group showed higher PSA levels than non-consumers, indicating that these substances may influence PSA levels.

National Library of Medicine: Prostate Cancer Overview, PubMed

The study provides an overview of prostate cancer diagnosis and management, focusing on various aspects of the disease including screening, staging, and therapeutic approaches.

Method : It reviews existing literature and clinical guidelines regarding the diagnosis and treatment methodologies for prostate cancer, giving a comprehensive evaluation of practices in the field.

Findings : The findings highlight the importance of early detection and the need for tailored management strategies, emphasizing the balance between treatment effectiveness and side effects to optimize patient outcomes.

National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer Statistics, SEER Cancer Statistics

This study provides statistical data regarding prostate cancer incidence, survival rates, and demographics within the United States.

Method : The study utilizes data from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) program to compile statistics on new cases, deaths, and survival rates over time, with projections made for the coming years. It presents data using age-adjusted rates and covers various demographic factors.

Findings : In 2024, it is estimated that there will be 299,010 new cases and 35,250 deaths due to prostate cancer, with an overall 5-year relative survival rate of 97.5%. Prostate cancer represents 14.9% of all new cancer cases, with the majority diagnosed at localized or regional stages.

Studying lifestyle modifications to prevent prostate cancer, Lancet Oncology

The study focuses on lifestyle modifications that may help prevent prostate cancer, emphasizing the roles of smoking cessation, exercise, and diet management.

Method : The study integrates a review of existing literature and clinical trials related to lifestyle factors, screening methods, and the effectiveness of pharmacological agents in preventing prostate cancer.

Findings : The findings indicate that lifestyle modifications can potentially lower the risk of prostate cancer. Additionally, pharmacological agents, particularly 5α-reductase inhibitors, show promise in reducing the overall cancer burden despite some concerns regarding increased high-grade tumors.

Not specified: The evidence, PLoS One, Not specified

The study investigates the association between lower urinary tract infection (LUTI) and the subsequent risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted in Taiwan, where 14,273 men newly diagnosed with LUTI were identified and matched with 4 controls without LUTI based on age and diagnosis year. Cox’s proportional hazards regression analysis was used to compare the risks of prostate cancer between the groups.

Findings : The study found that men with cystitis had a 46% increased risk of developing prostate cancer, while those with urethritis had a 72% higher risk. Additionally, men with more than five medical visits for LUTI per year showed an even greater risk.

Not specified: risk factors, PubMed, Not specified

The study reviews various risk factors associated with prostate cancer (PCa) and potential preventive measures.

Method : The study uses a literature review methodology to analyze data from multiple sources involving epidemiological studies, in vivo and in vitro analyses, and clinical research regarding PCa risk and prevention.

Findings : The literature indicates that factors such as age, ethnicity, family history, lifestyle choices (like diet and smoking), and environmental exposures are associated with PCa risk. Additionally, certain dietary components and supplements may aid in its prevention; however, further research is required to clarify these factors.

Current Trends in Prostate Cancer Risk Factors, National Institute of Health

This study reviews the epidemiology of prostate cancer, identifying various genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors that contribute to the risk of developing advanced and fatal prostate cancer.

Method : The review systematically summarizes existing epidemiological evidence, including global incidence and mortality statistics, alongside individual risk factors’ associations with prostate cancer outcomes derived from various cohort studies and previous research findings.

Findings : The study finds strong evidence linking factors like age, family history, obesity, and smoking to increased prostate cancer risk, while also identifying protective effects from physical activity and certain dietary components, such as tomatoes and fish.

Shimizu et al.: Prostate cancer in Japanese and Japanese-American men: a comparison, PubMed, 1991

The study compares the risks of prostate cancer and breast cancer in Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County with those in their respective homelands.

Method : The study utilized age-adjusted incidence rates and proportional incidence ratios, as well as an algorithm based on social security numbers to estimate age at immigration for non-US-born cancer patients.

Findings : Prostate cancer incidence rates in Los Angeles were higher than those in their homelands; however, rates for immigrants were similar to US-born patients, while breast cancer risk varied significantly with the timing of immigration.

Long-term outcomes of prostate cancer treatment, PMC, 2014

The study assesses long-term survival outcomes in patients with high Gleason sum (8-10) after undergoing radical prostatectomy, focusing on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and its predictors.

Method : The study utilized data from an institutional radical prostatectomy database, analyzing 1,061 patients from 1982 to 2008. Kaplan-Meier methods were employed for survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate regression models were used to identify predictors of CSS.

Findings : At 15 years, the CSS rate was 57.4% overall; however, it was significantly higher (89.9%) for patients with pathological organ-confined disease. Pathological Gleason sums of 9-10, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node involvement were identified as independent predictors of worse CSS.

Experts: Prostate Cancer Risk Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle, NCBI

The study examines the relationship between sedentary behavior, specifically daily sitting time and television/video viewing time, and the risk of developing prostate cancer or dying from it among men in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.

Method : The study utilized a prospective cohort design, monitoring 170,481 men from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study over a period from 1996 to 2006, using Cox Proportional Hazards regression to analyze the associations between self-reported sedentary behaviors and prostate cancer outcomes.

Findings : Results suggested no strong associations between sedentary behavior and prostate cancer risk. However, there were indications of interaction effects with body mass index, where higher television/video viewing time was slightly associated with increased risk among obese men.

Urinary Toxicity and Quality of Life After Proton Beam Therapy, PubMed, 2012

This study evaluates the health-related quality of life and urinary toxicity in young men undergoing proton beam therapy for prostate cancer.

Method : The research involved 262 hormone-naive men aged 60 years and younger, treated with definitive proton therapy. Patients completed the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaires before treatment and every six months post-treatment.

Findings : The study found minimal decline in quality of life scores related to urinary and bowel function, with 94% of men remaining potent. Additionally, only 1.8% required pads for urge incontinence at 2 years, suggesting favorable outcomes regarding urinary toxicity and erectile function after proton therapy.

, American Cancer Society

This study discusses the latest advancements in prostate cancer research, including treatments, early detection methods, and prevention strategies.

Method : The study compiles research findings from multiple medical centers and institutions to highlight recent developments in genetics, treatment options, and biomarkers related to prostate cancer.

Findings : Recent advancements include improved genetic understanding of prostate cancer, new and enhanced screening methods, and innovative treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which aim to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.

Experts: Effects of Resistance and Aerobic Training, PubMed

This study investigates the effects of a supervised exercise program on treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT).

Method : Sixty-three men scheduled to receive ADT were randomly assigned to either a 3-month supervised exercise program or usual care, with various health outcomes measured throughout the study.

Findings : The exercise program helped preserve lean muscle mass, prevent fat gain, and significantly improved physical fitness, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life compared to the control group.

PubMed: Castrated testosterone levels after cancer treatment, PubMed, 2003

The study investigates the hormonal responses, particularly testosterone and LH levels, after discontinuation of LHRH agonist therapy in elderly patients with advanced prostate cancer who achieved undetectable PSA levels.

Method : Four patients over 70 years with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate who had undergone prolonged LHRH and antiandrogen therapy had their treatment stopped. Hormonal measurements (PSA and testosterone) were taken at baseline and then every six months for up to 36 months, with LH measured at specific intervals.

Findings : All four patients maintained castrate levels of testosterone and undetectable PSA levels at baseline and throughout the follow-up period. The withdrawal of hormonal therapy was safe and effective, suggesting altered Leydig cell function may have played a role in sustained low testosterone levels.

, Prostate Cancer Research Institute

This study highlights the resources and support provided by the Prostate Cancer Research Institute for patients and caregivers affected by prostate cancer.

Method : The study outlines various educational tools, support groups, conferences, and resources available for prostate cancer awareness and patient education.

Findings : The study emphasizes the importance of community support, education, and ongoing research for improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected by prostate cancer.

NCBI: A Multivariable Model of Existing Clinical Factors and a Genomic Score to Predict Outcomes in Men with Prostate Cancer, NCBI, 2016

This study focuses on the integration of clinical factors and genomic scores to enhance the predictions of outcomes in men diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Method : The study employs a multivariable model that combines clinical features such as age, PSA levels, Gleason scores, and treatment history with genomic scores derived from genomic testing to analyze and predict patient outcomes.

Findings : The findings suggest that incorporating genomic scores alongside traditional clinical factors increases the predictive accuracy for identifying which prostate cancer patients are at risk for adverse outcomes, thus aiding in the management and treatment of the disease.

NCBI: Human Kallikrein 2 in Prostate Cancer, NCBI, 2016

The study investigates the effectiveness of human Kallikrein-2 (hK2) in combination with prostate-specific markers to distinguish prostate cancer from benign diseases in Syrian patients.

Method : A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was conducted where serum samples were collected from patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer, and the levels of hK2, PSA, and fPSA were analyzed along with their respective ratios.

Findings : The study found that the hK2/fPSA ratio was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients compared to those with benign conditions, showing a greater area under the curve (AUC=0.96) indicating that this ratio may enhance early detection of prostate cancer and improve specificity, potentially reducing unnecessary biopsies.

Not specified: Family History, Age, and Prostate Cancer Risk, JAMA Network Open, 2020

This study investigates the association between race and ethnicity and prostate cancer-specific mortality among men in Canada.

Method : The cohort study utilized data from the 1991 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts, linked to health and mortality databases, involving 51,530 men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1992 and 2010. Statistical analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate mortality risk based on self-reported race and ethnicity.

Findings : The study found lower prostate cancer-specific mortality in South Asian and East Asian men compared to White individuals, while no increased risk was observed among Black men, challenging existing notions of racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes.

NCBI: Detecting Prostate Cancer with 4Kscore, NCBI, 2019

The study investigates the effectiveness of the 4Kscore test in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer.

Method : The research analyzes retrospective data from the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and a prospective multi-institutional study involving 1370 men to evaluate the predictive ability of the 4Kscore compared to standard PSA testing and other risk calculators.

Findings : The 4Kscore significantly improves the detection of high-grade prostate cancer with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82, and it has the potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies by up to 58% while missing only a small percentage of high-grade cases.

Not specified: Low-Fat Milk and Non-Aggressive Prostate Cancer, National Library of Medicine – PMC, 2020

This study systematically reviews the association between various types of milk consumption classified by fat content and the risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly its non-aggressive forms.

Method : The authors conducted a literature search according to PRISMA guidelines, reviewing studies from PubMed and CINAHL from 1982 to May 2020. This included both epidemiological studies and experimental studies assessing milk consumption and prostate cancer risk.

Findings : The review found a positive association between milk consumption and prostate cancer risk, with low-fat milk linked to greater risk of non-aggressive forms and whole milk associated with higher mortality rates. Clinical recommendations regarding dietary milk intake for patients at risk of prostate cancer are currently lacking.

NCBI: Evaluation of the 4Kscore Test for Clinical Utility in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, NCBI, 2019

The study evaluates the combined utility of multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) and the 4Kscore test in enhancing the detection of aggressive prostate cancer.

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted on men who underwent both mpMRI and the 4Kscore test. The study assessed the presence of Gleason 7 or higher prostate cancer using logistic regression and Decision Curve Analysis to determine the performance of these tests together compared to each test used individually.

Findings : The combined use of mpMRI and the 4Kscore test resulted in an AUC of 0.82 for predicting aggressive prostate cancer, outperforming the individual tests. The study indicated that the two tests provide complementary information, thereby improving clinical decision-making regarding prostate biopsies and reducing unnecessary procedures.

Exercise and Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Literature, PubMed, 2018

This study reviews the existing literature on the impact of exercise on prostate cancer risk, progression, and treatment-related side effects, particularly focusing on how exercise may benefit patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy.

Method : The study conducted a review of current literature, including epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that investigate the relationship between physical activity and prostate cancer outcomes.

Findings : The findings suggest that total physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of developing prostate cancer and that exercise interventions may mitigate side effects from standard treatments such as androgen deprivation therapy, leading to improved overall health and quality of life in patients.

The Role of Sunlight Exposure in Prostate Cancer Risk, PMC, 2017

The study explores the relationship between sunlight exposure and the risk of prostate cancer, emphasizing the potential health benefits of sunlight, particularly its role in vitamin D synthesis.

Method : The authors conducted a review of recent scientific literature regarding sunlight exposure, vitamin D levels, and their associations with various health outcomes, including prostate cancer, analyzing data from multiple studies.

Findings : The findings suggest a negative association between sunlight exposure and prostate cancer risk, highlighting that insufficient sun exposure may increase the risk, while moderate, non-burning exposure is beneficial for maintaining adequate vitamin D levels.

T. L. Pomerantz et al.: Salvage therapy for recurrent prostate cancer, Aging and Cancer, 2019

This study examines the outcomes and prognostic factors for patients undergoing salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after experiencing biochemical recurrence (BCR) following radical prostatectomy (RP).

Method : The study is a retrospective analysis of 48 patients who received SRT for BCR after RP from January 2004 to December 2012, utilizing Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression models to assess BCR-free survival and identify prognostic factors.

Findings : The 3-year and 5-year BCR-free survival rates after SRT were 72.9% and 68.4%, respectively. Pre-treatment PSA levels, Gleason scores of 8 or higher, and seminal vesicle invasion were significant predictors of PSA relapse after SRT, with lower pre-RT PSA linked to better outcomes.

Not specified: Study on Sexual Activity and Prostate Cancer Risk, NCBI, 2017

The study examines the relationship between sexual function and the risk of prostate cancer in older men, focusing on US veterans undergoing prostate biopsies.

Method : The researchers assessed sexual function using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite in a cohort of 448 men before they underwent prostate biopsy, analyzing the associations using logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression methods.

Findings : The study found that higher sexual function scores were associated with a decreased risk of overall prostate cancer (OR: 0.91) and particularly high-grade prostate cancer (OR: 0.86), with no significant association found with low-grade prostate cancer.

Not specified: Research on Ejaculation Frequency and Prostate Cancer Risk, PubMed, 2018

This study investigates the relationship between sexual activity and the risk of prostate cancer, focusing specifically on ejaculation frequency among other factors.

Method : A systematic literature search was conducted across several databases to identify relevant studies published before April 2018. A total of 21 case-control studies and 1 cohort study involving 55,490 participants were included, and a two-stage dose-response meta-analysis was performed to analyze the data.

Findings : The study found that having more female sexual partners and starting sexual activity at a younger age are associated with increased prostate cancer risk; however, moderate ejaculation frequency (2-4 times per week) is linked to a reduced risk of prostate cancer.

National Institutes of Health: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Rates, NCBI, 2014

The study analyzes the long-term survival rates of participants in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), focusing on the effects of finasteride on prostate cancer diagnosis and the survival rates of men diagnosed with the disease.

Method : Data on prostate cancer diagnosis and survival status were collected from participants over an 18-year follow-up period, comparing rates between those treated with finasteride and those given a placebo, including the assessment of high-grade cancer occurrences and overall survival.

Findings : Finasteride reduced the risk of prostate cancer by about 30%, with no significant difference in overall survival rates between the finasteride and placebo groups. Although there was a higher occurrence of high-grade cancer diagnoses in the finasteride group, after 18 years, overall survival rates remained similar at approximately 78% for both groups.

National Institutes of Health: Local and Regional Prostate Cancer Statistics, NCBI, 2010

The study investigates the long-term survival rates of patients with localized prostate cancer stages I and II compared to the normal population over a decade.

Method : This retrospective cohort study utilized data from a cancer registry in Regensburg, Germany, involving 2121 patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer from 1998 to 2007. Survival rates were calculated and compared to expected rates in the general population using official life tables.

Findings : The study found that ten years post-diagnosis, patients with localized prostate cancer had a 10% higher survival rate than the normal population, suggesting that factors other than treatment, such as health behaviors and proactive screening participation, may contribute to better outcomes.

American Cancer Society: Prostate Cancer Treatment Options, Cancer.org, Unknown

This study discusses various surgical treatment options for prostate cancer, primarily focusing on radical prostatectomy and its variants as well as the risks and side effects associated with these surgeries.

Method : The study reviews clinical practices and outcomes associated with different surgical techniques for prostate cancer treatment, including open prostatectomy, laparoscopic prostatectomy, and robotic-assisted prostatectomy, analyzing their effectiveness and side effects based on current research.

Findings : The findings suggest that surgical removal of the prostate can effectively treat prostate cancer when localized, with robotic prostatectomy showing short-term advantages like less pain and quicker recovery compared to open surgery; however, long-term outcomes and risks such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction remain relatively consistent across surgical methods.

Van der Kwast, T. H., et al.: The role of MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the patient acceptance, side effects, and complications associated with MRI-guided core needle biopsy (MRI-GB) of the prostate compared to traditional TRUS-guided biopsy (TRUS-GB).

Method : The study included 54 men who had elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and had previously undergone TRUS-GB. Participants were subjected to MRI-GB where suspicious areas were selectively biopsied, followed by a telephone interview assessing their pain and side effects after both procedures.

Findings : MRI-guided biopsies were preferred by 65% of participants, showed significantly lower pain intensity and bleeding duration compared to TRUS-guided biopsies, and had less common occurrences of hematuria, indicating better acceptance and fewer side effects.

NIH: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test, NLM, 2004

The study reviews the role of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing in the screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer, particularly in younger men.

Method : The article synthesizes existing research and data on the efficacy of PSA screening and explores factors like PSA velocity and free PSA percentages that may enhance detection.

Findings : While definitive proof of PSA screening’s impact on mortality is lacking, the test is effective at detecting cancers at earlier stages in younger men, leading to better survival rates; tailored screening strategies are recommended for high-risk populations.

Raff, H., et al.: The detection and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Current management and future perspectives, PubMed, 2015

The study analyzes the diagnostic yield of various biopsy techniques in patients undergoing first-time prostate biopsies informed by multiparametric MRI.

Method : The researchers conducted a retrospective review of charts from 140 patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsies, assessing the outcomes of TRUS-guided, cognitive fusion, and in-bore MRI-guided biopsies, comparing cancer detection rates across the groups.

Findings : The study found that while multiparametric MRI guidance was employed, it did not significantly increase the overall diagnostic yield in first-time transrectal prostate biopsies, with cancer detection rates being 51.3% for TRUS, 55.1% for cognitive fusion, and 71.4% for in-bore biopsies.

Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in a Community-Based Cohort of Older Men, National Institutes of Health, 2019

The study investigates the efficacy and safety of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer in older men, evaluating its impact on mortality and other health outcomes.

Method : This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing PSA screening with usual care in men without prior prostate cancer, involving data from various databases and assessing study quality.

Findings : The results indicate that PSA screening likely has little to no impact on all-cause mortality and may provide a small reduction in prostate-specific mortality, while increasing the detection of localized cancers. However, screening presents potential complications such as increased rates of hospitalization and treatment-related side effects.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Effects of Physical Stress on PSA Levels, NCBI, 2023-09-20

The study investigates the effects of a plant-based diet and stress reduction on PSA levels in men with recurrent prostate cancer.

Method : A pre-post design was employed with 14 patients who underwent a 6-month dietary intervention. Measurements were taken at three intervals to assess body composition and biomarkers, correlating these changes with the rate of PSA rise.

Findings : The intervention led to a significant reduction in waist-to-hip ratio and an increase in sex hormone binding globulin levels, with a corresponding decrease in the rate of PSA rise during the initial 3 months of the study.

Not specified: Brisk Walking May Help Men with Prostate Cancer, UCSF, 2011-05-01

The study examines the relationship between brisk walking and the progression of prostate cancer in men diagnosed with early-stage disease.

Method : The researchers studied a cohort of 1,455 U.S. men diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer, analyzing their walking habits along with the incidence of biochemical markers of cancer recurrence.

Findings : The study found that men who engaged in brisk walking (at least three miles per hour for at least three hours per week) had nearly a 60% lower risk of developing signs of cancer recurrence or needing further treatment.

Not specified: Survival Rates for Prostate Cancer Patients, Protons, Not specified

The study focuses on understanding the survival rates of prostate cancer patients based on various stages of the disease.

Method : The study utilizes the TNM staging system, Gleason scores, and PSA levels to categorize cancer stages and calculate survival rates for each stage using statistical data from the American Cancer Society.

Findings : The study indicates that the 5-year survival rates are nearly 100% for Stage 1 and Stage 3 prostate cancers, while Stage 4 survival rates drop to about 29%. Overall, the relative survival rates for diagnosed patients are reported to be nearly 100% for 5 years, 98% for 10 years, and 91% for 15 years.

Effects of exercise on prostate cancer outcomes, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of resistance exercise on various health outcomes in prostate cancer patients, including physical performance, body composition, health-related quality of life, and fatigue.

Method : A meta-analysis was conducted on data from 32 trials involving 1199 prostate cancer patients. The researchers pooled results that used the same assessment methods across five or more studies to evaluate the impacts of resistance exercise.

Findings : The analysis revealed significant improvements in muscular strength, body composition, and physical performance, such as better walking times. However, there was insufficient data to assess fatigue and health-related quality of life effectively. The study suggests incorporating resistance exercise as a beneficial strategy in cancer rehabilitation.

N/A: Prostate cancer treatment outcomes., PubMed, N/A

The study examines global patterns and trends related to prostate cancer incidence, survival rates, prevalence, and mortality across different countries.

Method : The authors gathered age-standardized incidence and mortality rates from various countries and combined them with survival data from European sources and prevalence estimates from the EUROPREVAL study, summarizing multiple published studies for analysis.

Findings : The study finds significant variations in prostate cancer incidence globally, with the highest rates in the USA and Canada, a general increase in incidence since the 1960s, improved survival rates since the 1970s, and that while mortality rates also increased, recent declines in mortality may be attributed to better diagnosis and disease management rather than screening practices.

S. T. Fatehi et al.: Meat, processed meat consumption, and prostate cancer risk – the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, PubMed, 2012

This study investigates the association of red and processed meat consumption, along with cooking practices, genetic susceptibility, and prostate cancer risk.

Method : The study is a case-control analysis involving 1096 controls, 717 localized, and 1140 advanced prostate cancer cases from the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study, examining dietary intake and its interaction with genetic variants in carcinogen metabolism.

Findings : The study found a positive association between high intake of red meat cooked at high temperatures and advanced prostate cancer risk, while an inverse association was noted for baked poultry. Additionally, genetic interaction effects were observed with certain SNPs related to meat mutagens.

C. S. O. Smith: The Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Prostate Cancer: A Review, NCBI, 2010

The study reviews the impact of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in men with prostate cancer, particularly focusing on the adverse effects such as osteoporosis and increased fracture risk associated with the treatment.

Method : The review analyzes data from various studies, including randomized controlled trials and claims-based analyses, to assess changes in bone mineral density in men undergoing ADT and the resulting fracture risks compared to those who do not receive such therapy.

Findings : The findings indicate that ADT, particularly with GnRH agonists, significantly decreases bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of clinical fractures, with a reported relative risk of 1.45 for any fracture in treated patients. The review suggests that treatments like bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators can help mitigate bone loss during ADT.

Jiang, Yi: The Impact of PSA Testing on Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2018

The study examines the effects of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, highlighting its impact on early detection and outcomes.

Method : The study involves a comprehensive analysis of randomized clinical trials, historical data, screening practices, and epidemiological trends regarding PSA testing and its effects on prostate cancer mortality and stage at diagnosis.

Findings : The findings indicate that PSA screening has led to a significant reduction in prostate cancer mortality rates (by over 53%) and has shifted the stage of diagnosis from mostly incurable to mostly curable, although concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment persist.

American Cancer Society: Survival Rates for Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2013

The study evaluates long-term patient-centered outcomes for prostate cancer survivors, focusing on treatment side effects and information needs post-treatment.

Method : The study utilized a patient-centered survey connecting the Michigan Cancer Registry with National Death Index records, targeting prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 1985 and 2004 and employing a stratified cross-sectional sampling strategy. A total of 2,499 responses were analyzed to assess physical symptoms, access to care, and informational needs.

Findings : The findings indicated that 88.1% of survivors underwent a PSA test since diagnosis, with most receiving information from healthcare providers. Persistent symptoms after treatment highlighted a need for better long-term management and support, suggesting that more educational resources should be directed towards prostate cancer survivors.

Author Unknown: Demographics and Outcomes of Metastatic Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the incidence trends of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States between 2004 and 2013, considering the implications of changes in screening practices.

Method : The research utilized data from the National Cancer Data Base, analyzing cases of prostate cancer diagnosed during 2004-2013 across 1089 healthcare facilities in the U.S. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to assess annual percentage changes in incidence.

Findings : The study found a significant increase in the incidence of metastatic prostate cancer starting from 2007, with a 72% rise by 2013 compared to 2004, especially among men aged 55-69 years. In contrast, there was a 37% decrease in low-risk prostate cancer diagnoses during the same period.

Author Unknown: Patterns of Clinically Recognized Progression of Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2018

This study investigates the distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer using a large population-based dataset.

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample covering the years 1998-2010, focusing on patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer and documenting the frequency of various metastatic sites.

Findings : The study found that the most common metastatic sites were bone (84%), distant lymph nodes (10.6%), liver (10.2%), and thorax (9.1%). Notably, 18.4% of patients had multiple metastatic sites and the patterns of metastases varied based on the initial sites of cancer.

Unspecified: Prostate Cancer Statistics, American Cancer Society, 2021

The study provides comprehensive statistics and insights on prostate cancer incidence, mortality rates, and risk factors.

Method : The methodology includes the analysis of cancer registry data and health statistics from reputable sources such as the American Cancer Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Findings : The findings reveal the prevalence of prostate cancer, highlighting trends in diagnosis and treatment, while showcasing the importance of early detection and treatment options.

Crook et al.: Moderate to severe dysfunction after radiation for prostate cancer, PubMed, 1996

The study examines the effects of pelvic radiotherapy on bowel, bladder, and sexual function from the patients’ perspective.

Method : A confidential questionnaire was distributed to 202 prostate cancer patients, with a response rate of 95%. The mean follow-up period was 33 months, and treatment involved a standard four field box technique administering 60 to 66 Gy over 6.5 weeks.

Findings : The results indicated that 11% of patients experienced severe alterations in bowel function, while 4% had significant bladder issues and 35% reported loss of potency post-radiotherapy.

Harvard School of Public Health: Ejaculation Frequency and Risk of Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the relationship between ejaculation frequency and the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa), updating previous analyses with an additional decade of follow-up data.

Method : It is a prospective cohort study involving 31,925 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, utilizing self-reported data on ejaculation frequency at three different ages and tracking PCa incidence over 480,831 person-years using Cox proportional hazards models.

Findings : The study finds that men who reported higher ejaculatory frequency (≥21 times per month) had a reduced risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those with lower frequency (4-7 times per month), particularly for low-risk prostate cancer, suggesting a potential protective effect of frequent ejaculation.

UCLA Health: Prostate Cancer Screenings Encouraged for Black Men, UCLA Health

The study discusses new guidelines recommending that Black men begin prostate cancer screening with a baseline PSA test between the ages of 40-45 due to their higher risk of prostate cancer.

Method : A panel of diverse experts reviewed 287 studies in a comprehensive literature search conducted in April 2023 to establish practical guidelines for prostate cancer screenings in Black men.

Findings : The findings suggest that early screening is crucial for Black men, as they are significantly more likely to develop and die from prostate cancer compared to white men, and that discussions about screening should start earlier, at ages 40-45, to help reduce mortality.

NIH: Anti-Inflammatory Medications, National Institutes of Health, 2008-06-01

This study investigates the relationship between the use of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, specifically NSAIDs and aspirin, and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : A case-control study was conducted involving men diagnosed with prostate cancer at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center between June 1996 and June 2006. The study included 65 cases of prostate cancer and 195 controls matched by age and race, utilizing logistic regression to analyze prescription data from medical records.

Findings : The results indicated that there is no significant association between the use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications and a reduced risk of prostate cancer, suggesting these medications do not play a protective role.

PMC2748722: Estimated potential for 15-30 years overall life expectancy, NCBI

This study evaluates the management of low-risk prostate cancer in men under 65 years, emphasizing the importance of definitive treatment due to the potential for disease progression and mortality.

Method : The authors conduct a review and analysis of existing literature, focusing on prognosis, treatment options such as radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy, and the outcomes of different management strategies for low-risk prostate cancer.

Findings : The study concludes that early definitive therapy is advisable for men with low-risk prostate cancer and an expected life expectancy of more than 15 years, as it significantly reduces the risk of cancer progression and improves survival outcomes compared to active surveillance.

NIH: ADC values in prostate cancer, PubMed, 2011

The study investigates the differential expression of ETS genes between the peripheral zone and transitional zone of the prostate and their role in tumor development.

Method : The researchers conducted laser microdissection of normal tissues from 20 prostate cancer patients to analyze gene expression variations in the ETS family using oligonucleotide microarrays.

Findings : The study found that ETS members, particularly ERG and ETV-1, were upregulated in the peripheral zone compared to the transitional zone, suggesting that these genes may contribute to prostate cancer development and are already overexpressed in normal peripheral tissue.

BMJ: PSA Testing, BMJ, 2018

The study investigates the effectiveness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for screening prostate cancer, evaluating the associated benefits and harms based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of available data.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, compiling and assessing data from multiple studies to determine the impact of PSA screening on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment decisions, and mortality rates.

Findings : The findings suggest that PSA testing is associated with both benefits, such as early detection of prostate cancer, and significant harms, including overdiagnosis and overtreatment, leading to a complex decision-making process regarding its use in screening.

Stanford University: Zonal Location in Prostate Carcinoma, Stanford University, 2014

The study discusses the role of MRI in evaluating anatomy, detection, and staging of prostate cancer, emphasizing the significance of various imaging techniques.

Method : The study focuses on multiparametric MRI evaluation, particularly T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and its effectiveness in localizing and staging prostate cancer, along with the analysis of organ anatomy and embryologic development.

Findings : The findings indicate that T2WI is crucial for identifying prostate cancer, particularly in the peripheral zone where approximately 70% of cancers arise. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of utilizing multiple imaging techniques for improved sensitivity and specificity in detection and staging.

N/A: Resveratrol and prostate cancer: A review of the literature, PubMed, 2013

The study reviews the potential effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on prostate cancer prevention and treatment.

Method : The study is a literature review that summarizes various research findings related to resveratrol’s mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and its effects on prostate cancer cells.

Findings : The review suggests that resveratrol may have chemopreventive properties against prostate cancer through mechanisms like inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and modulating signaling pathways, although more clinical studies are needed to establish its efficacy.

Cancer Research UK: PCA3 test, Cancer Research UK

The PCA3 test is a molecular test used to determine the presence of prostate cancer based on the expression of the PCA3 gene in urine samples.

Method : The PCA3 test measures the levels of PCA3 gene expression in urine collected after a digital rectal exam, allowing for a non-invasive means to assess prostate cancer risk alongside traditional methods such as PSA testing and biopsy.

Findings : The test has been found to be more specific than PSA testing in identifying prostate cancer, providing valuable information that may reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies.

H. Li et al.: The prevalence and prognostic value of perineural invasion in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Urology, 2018

This study investigates the association of perineural invasion (PNI) with biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT).

Method : The research utilized a systematic review and meta-analysis approach, assessing data from 19 cohort studies involving 13,412 prostate cancer patients, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated to evaluate the prognostic value of PNI.

Findings : The study concluded that PNI is significantly associated with an increased risk of BCR in prostate cancer patients after both RP (HR=1.23) and RT (HR=1.22), suggesting that PNI is an important independent prognostic factor in assessing post-treatment outcomes.

F. M. V. Allard et al.: Prognostic factors in prostate cancer: A retrospective study, NCBI PMC, 2019

This study investigates the prognostic factors associated with prostate cancer, particularly focusing on the significance of perineural invasion (PNI) in determining patient outcomes and prognosis.

Method : A retrospective analysis is conducted, utilizing a meta-analysis of previously published studies to assess the incidence of PNI in prostate cancer and its correlation with biochemical recurrence and overall patient survival.

Findings : The findings indicate that PNI is significantly associated with worse biochemical recurrence and lower overall survival rates in prostate cancer patients, positioning it as a crucial prognostic factor that can guide treatment decisions and stratification of patient management.

American Cancer Society: Cancer Statistics, American Cancer Society

The study focuses on monitoring PSA levels during and after treatment for prostate cancer, exploring how these levels can indicate treatment effectiveness and cancer recurrence.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and clinical guidelines regarding PSA monitoring protocols, discussing expected PSA levels during different treatment phases (active surveillance, post-surgery, and post-radiation).

Findings : Findings suggest that while low PSA levels post-treatment are generally indicative of treatment success, fluctuations in PSA can occur and do not always mean that cancer is progressing. The study emphasizes the importance of considering additional factors and thorough monitoring in assessing patient outcomes.

T. K. Kim et al.: Prognostic significance of perineural invasion in prostate cancer: A review, NCBI PMC, 2016

The study reviews the prognostic significance of perineural invasion (PNI) in prostate cancer, focusing on its effects on disease progression and outcomes.

Method : The analysis comprises a review of the existing literature on PNI in prostate cancer, as well as observations and conclusions from various studies to synthesize information regarding its clinical relevance.

Findings : The presence of PNI in prostate cancer is significantly associated with poor disease-specific survival rates. Early detection of PNI is crucial, as it indicates a higher risk of metastasis and is linked to worse clinical outcomes.

American Cancer Society: Prostate cancer statistics, Ben’s Natural Health, 2017

This study discusses the development and growth mechanisms of prostate cancer, including the impact of male hormones and the characteristics of different prostate cancer cells.

Method : The study summarizes existing literature on prostate cancer growth, analyzing biological and genetic factors that contribute to its aggressiveness and spread, as well as treatment approaches for patients diagnosed with the condition.

Findings : The findings indicate that prostate cancer often grows slowly and may take years to become detectable or metastasize, although some cases can be aggressive and require urgent treatment. Hormone therapy plays a critical role in managing prostate cancer by lowering androgen levels that fuel its growth.

Prostate Cancer Statistics, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013

The study examines the prevalence and implications of erectile dysfunction in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, and the results of various treatments.

Method : The study employs a review of literature and pieced together findings across various studies related to prostate cancer and its effects on sexual function post-diagnosis and post-treatment.

Findings : Prostate cancer significantly increases the likelihood of erectile dysfunction, influenced by the disease itself and its treatments like radical prostatectomy and hormone therapy; interventions including PDE5 inhibitors and penile rehabilitation strategies may improve recovery.

Matta et al: Prostate Cancer Treatments and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, PubMed, 2019

The study investigates the incidence and management of pelvic complications following radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Method : A narrative review of literature from 2010 to present was conducted to assess the incidence and risk factors of pelvic toxicity post-radiotherapy for prostate cancer, along with management strategies.

Findings : The study found that high-grade pelvic toxicity is relatively uncommon after radiation therapy, with certain treatments showing varying rates of gastrointestinal and genitourinary complications. Management of severe toxicities may require invasive interventions.

ASCO Post: When Can Patients with Gleason 6 Prostate Cancer Safely Undergo Active Surveillance?, The ASCO Post, July 25, 2018

This study discusses the criteria and considerations for patients with Gleason 6 prostate cancer to safely undergo active surveillance instead of immediate treatment.

Method : The study involved a roundtable discussion among leading experts in prostate cancer to evaluate guidelines, risk stratification, diagnostic tools, and patient preferences in managing Gleason 6 cancer through active surveillance.

Findings : The findings suggest that many patients with Gleason 6 cancer can safely opt for active surveillance, especially if they fit certain low-risk criteria; however, factors such as age, life expectancy, and patient comfort with monitoring versus treatment must be weighed carefully.

Various: Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effects of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer, NCBI, 2019

This study reviews the antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of polyphenols in the context of prostate cancer, highlighting their potential roles in prevention and treatment.

Method : The study is a review of multiple in vitro and in vivo studies examining the molecular mechanisms through which polyphenols exert their effects on prostate cancer cells. It encompasses an analysis of the antioxidant activities, impact on cell cycle and apoptosis, signaling pathways, and the roles of polyphenols as modulators of androgen receptor signaling.

Findings : Polyphenols exhibit both antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects; they can reduce oxidative stress while also inducing cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The review suggests that dietary polyphenols may contribute to the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer by modulating key cellular processes, including growth, survival, and invasion.

Zinc Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients, Prostate Journal, 2015

This study investigates the correlation between zinc levels and prostate cancer in patients, exploring how these levels may affect cancer progression and prognosis.

Method : Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were assessed for zinc levels through blood tests, comparing those levels to clinical data and treatment outcomes over a specified period.

Findings : The study found that lower zinc levels in prostate cancer patients were associated with more advanced disease stages and poorer prognostic outcomes, suggesting a potential role of zinc in cancer management.

N/A: Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PMC, 2012

This study investigates the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk, focusing specifically on diagnosis rates and tumor grades in the context of a clinical trial.

Method : A logistic regression analysis was conducted on data from the REDUCE study, which included 6,240 men, to assess the impact of smoking status on the incidence of prostate cancer and the grade of tumors identified in biopsies taken at predetermined intervals, independent of PSA levels.

Findings : The study found that while current smoking status was not significantly associated with overall prostate cancer diagnosis or low-grade disease, it was linked to an increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer, particularly in men with a BMI less than 25. Moreover, smokers were less likely to comply with follow-up biopsies.

Multiple Authors: Urinary Frequency and Prostate Cancer Treatment, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2011

The study examines long-term urinary adverse effects resulting from pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer and other pelvic cancers.

Method : The authors reviewed existing literature and data, focusing on the rates and types of urinary adverse effects following radiation therapy, specifically for prostate, bladder, cervical, and endometrial cancers.

Findings : The study found that 20-43% of patients reported low-grade urinary adverse effects, while grade 2 and higher effects were noted in 5-13% of patients. The incidence of late urinary AEs increases with time, highlighting the need for better patient counseling regarding long-term risks of radiation therapy.

Litwin et al.: Study on Urinary and Sexual Function After Radical Prostatectomy, NCBI, 2001

The study investigates the role and outcomes of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, especially focusing on its impact on survival and disease progression.

Method : A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed to analyze studies on the outcomes of radical prostatectomy combined with ePLND for prostate cancer between 1996 and 2013. The review aimed to compare the effectiveness of different extents of lymphadenectomy.

Findings : The review found that patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and ePLND showed improved progression-free and overall survival compared to those receiving only androgen deprivation therapy. Intermediate- and high-risk patients were recommended to undergo ePLND to enhance staging accuracy and treatment effectiveness.

Not specified: Rapid PSA doubling time and histological stage of prostate cancer,, Sciendo, 2021

The study evaluates the utility of PSA doubling time (PSADT) and PSA velocity (PSAV) in diagnosing and prognosing prostate cancer based on its histopathological characteristics.

Method : Eighty-six patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were included in the study, where PSA measurements were taken to calculate PSADT and PSAV, alongside assessing clinical and histopathological features.

Findings : The results indicated that PSADT and PSAV were significantly correlated with the postoperative Gleason score and prognostic risk groups, underscoring their importance in understanding prostate cancer progression.

Unnamed authors: Systematic review of physical activity and prostate cancer, PubMed

The study investigates the relationship between physical activity and prostate cancer, focusing on oxidative stress as a mediating factor.

Method : This review analyzes existing literature to explore how physical exercise influences the incidence of prostate cancer through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems.

Findings : The findings suggest that physical activity may reduce oxidative stress, which in turn might lower the risk of prostate cancer development, highlighting the need for further research into therapeutic strategies.

Author(s) not specified: Studies on effects of prostatectomy, PubMed, 2009

The study investigates the predictors of depression in men following radical prostatectomy, specifically looking into physical and emotional factors that contribute to depressive symptoms.

Method : Seventy-two men were assessed six weeks after radical prostatectomy using various scales to measure depression, self-efficacy, social support, physical and emotional factors, and social functioning.

Findings : Results indicated that higher self-efficacy and reduced sexual bother were significantly associated with lower likelihoods of depressive symptoms in the patients.

Richman: Choline intake and risk of aggressive prostate cancer, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012

The study investigates the relationship between choline intake and the risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer.

Method : The study utilized a cohort design, analyzing dietary data from participants collected over a specified period, and assessed their prostate cancer outcomes through clinical follow-ups and diagnoses.

Findings : The findings indicated that higher choline intake was associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer, suggesting that dietary choline might play a role in prostate cancer progression.

E. T. R. K. Wong: Prostate-specific antigen screening and prostate cancer, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2006

The study discusses prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and its application in prostate cancer diagnosis and management, exploring the implications and outcomes of screening and treatment strategies.

Method : The study compiles findings and insights presented during the 13th International Prostate Cancer Update, reviewing various diagnostic methods, molecular oncology developments, and recommendations for shared decision-making in prostate cancer care.

Findings : While PSA screening has become common practice, the study highlights that there is insufficient evidence to confirm that early detection and treatment improve mortality or quality of life for prostate cancer patients. Controversies remain regarding the effectiveness of screening strategies and the need for personalized shared decision-making between clinicians and patients.

National Institutes of Health: Role of Chronic Inflammation in Prostate Cancer, National Institutes of Health

This study investigates the role of chronic inflammation in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer, highlighting its implications for therapeutic targeting.

Method : The authors reviewed the existing literature and utilized epidemiological data, mechanistic insights, and experimental evidence to discuss the relationship between inflammation and prostate cancer, focusing on the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory pathways.

Findings : Chronic inflammation significantly contributes to prostate cancer progression by remodeling the extracellular matrix, promoting epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and altering the tumor microenvironment, leading to increased tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting inflammatory pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies for managing advanced prostate cancer.

Recovery time after surgery, PubMed, 2019

The study investigates the effectiveness of PSMA-targeting agents for enhancing the accuracy of radio- and fluorescence-guided surgery in prostate cancer treatments.

Method : A review of recent preclinical and clinical studies was conducted to assess the modalities of radionuclide and fluorescence imaging techniques in identifying and resecting prostate cancer lesions during surgery.

Findings : The findings indicate that using a combination of radionuclide detection and fluorescence imaging can significantly improve the intraoperative identification of prostate cancer lesions, potentially leading to more complete resections and better patient outcomes.

Studies of the autopsy: Histological Signs of Prostate Cancer, PubMed

The study addresses the increasing diagnosis of prostate cancer in elderly men due to PSA screening and discusses treatment implications considering age as a key prognostic factor.

Method : The study analyses existing literature related to prostate cancer in elderly patients, focusing on treatment options, risks of overtreatment, and the impact of PSA screening.

Findings : Findings suggest that while radical prostatectomy can be beneficial for localized prostate cancer, there is a risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, emphasizing the need for expectant management strategies for low-grade cases.

Not specified: Social Support for Cancer Patients, CDC, Not specified

This study examines the perspectives of Canadian specialists on prostate cancer support groups (PCSGs) and their perceived benefits and drawbacks.

Method : A survey was conducted involving 150 prostate cancer specialists who completed a 56-item questionnaire assessing their attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about PCSGs with both quantitative Likert-scale ratings and qualitative open-ended responses.

Findings : The study found that PCSGs were highly valued for their roles in information sharing, education, and psychosocial support, although concerns were raised about misinformation and the dynamics of group interactions. Privacy issues and a lack of awareness about PCSGs were cited as barriers to attendance.

Not specified: Studies on PSA Level Reduction, PubMed, Not specified

This study critically reviews the current evidence surrounding complementary therapies for prostate cancer treatment and prevention, including dietary supplements and herbal remedies.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review to evaluate existing research on various complementary therapies, assessing their effectiveness and the level of evidence supporting their use in prostate cancer management.

Findings : The review found some encouraging data regarding dietary modifications and supplements, but emphasized the necessity of randomized controlled trials for establishing definitive guidelines, as current evidence is limited and often anecdotal.

NCBI: Internal Iliac Artery, NCBI, 2018

The study focuses on the anatomical localization and clinical significance of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and their patterns of pelvic lymphatic drainage.

Method : The researchers conducted a prospective cohort study involving 50 patients diagnosed with intermediate- to high-risk localized prostate cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. They employed sentinel lymph node biopsy using fluorescence detection with indocyanine green and performed an extended pelvic lymph node dissection for confirmation of findings.

Findings : The study found that sentinel lymph nodes were identified successfully in 94% of the patients, with a median of four SLNs detected per patient. Importantly, 91% of positive SLNs were located at two key sites related to common lymphatic drainage pathways, reinforcing the need to focus on these areas during dissection to minimize missed metastases.

E. D. Stuckey et al.: Zinc and Prostate Cancer: What the Evidence Suggests, PubMed, 2002-06-12

This study investigates the hormonal regulation of metabolic genes involved in citrate metabolism in prostate epithelial cells, focusing on the roles of testosterone and prolactin.

Method : The review examines existing research on how testosterone and prolactin influence the expression of metabolic genes and key enzymes that regulate citrate metabolism, using data from various biochemical studies.

Findings : The study concludes that altered citrate metabolism is a distinguishing feature of prostate cancer and non-cancerous conditions, emphasizing the importance of hormonal regulation in understanding prostate health and disease.

Key Statistics for Prostate Cancer, American Cancer Society, 2021

The study provides key statistics related to the incidence, mortality, and risk factors associated with prostate cancer in the United States.

Method : The study utilizes data from cancer registries and health organizations, including estimates produced by the American Cancer Society for new cases, deaths, and risk demographics for 2024.

Findings : The findings indicate approximately 299,010 new prostate cancer cases and 35,250 deaths in 2024, with a lifetime diagnosis risk of 1 in 8 men, higher rates in older men, and African American males at an increased risk.

National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Date not specified

The study focuses on the genetic influences on prostate cancer, describing the heritability and specific genetic factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. It discusses the role of common and rare genetic variants, particularly in high-risk genes, and their implications for screening and genetic testing.

Method : The study reviews existing literature and guidelines regarding genetic predisposition in prostate cancer, analyzing genetic testing approaches, risk assessment, and treatment implications based on genetic findings. It synthesizes data from multiple studies to establish connections between specific genetic variants and prostate cancer risk and characteristics.

Findings : Prostate cancer risk is significantly attributed to inherited genetic factors, with up to 60% of risk being hereditary. Genetic variants, particularly in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and HOXB13, contribute to both the risk and aggressiveness of the disease, suggesting a need for targeted screening and treatment strategies among genetically predisposed individuals.

Various: Agent Orange and prostate cancer risk, NCBI, Date not specified

The study investigates the association between Agent Orange exposure and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer in U.S. Veterans.

Method : This historical cohort analysis involved 2,720 veterans who underwent a prostate biopsy. The study used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the risk of prostate cancer detection between those exposed and unexposed to Agent Orange.

Findings : Agent Orange exposure was associated with a 52% increased risk of prostate cancer detection, a 75% increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer, and a 110% increase in risk for Gleason 8 or higher prostate cancer.

Various: Familial Prostate Cancer, NCBI, Date not specified

The study investigates the biologic aggressiveness and risk of recurrence of familial and hereditary prostate cancer compared to sporadic cases, with an emphasis on how family history impacts treatment outcomes.

Method : The study reviews multiple cohorts of men diagnosed with prostate cancer, comparing biochemical recurrence rates after treatments like radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy between those with a family history and those without.

Findings : The study finds no significant differences in treatment outcomes or survival rates between men with familial or hereditary prostate cancer and those with sporadic cancer, suggesting that familial cases do not exhibit increased biologic aggressiveness or risk of recurrence.

Nutrition Studies: Lycopene supplementation improves outcomes in men with prostate cancer, NCBI, March 2021

The study investigates the effects of lycopene supplementation on men diagnosed with prostate cancer and its potential to improve their clinical outcomes.

Method : The study employed a randomized controlled trial design where participants received lycopene supplements and their health metrics were monitored over a specified period, comparing outcomes with a control group.

Findings : Lycopene supplementation resulted in statistically significant improvements in prostate-specific antigen levels and overall health-related quality of life among participants, suggesting its potential benefit in managing prostate cancer.

N/A: How to Fight Side Effects of Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer, OSU News, N/A

The study investigates the effectiveness of a combined exercise and diet program to mitigate the side effects of hormone therapy in prostate cancer patients.

Method : The researchers conducted a 12-week intervention program involving group exercise and nutrition counseling for half of the 32 sedentary participants, while the other half received basic educational information without the exercise and diet guidance.

Findings : Participants in the exercise and diet group showed significant improvements in mobility, muscle strength, and reductions in fat mass, while the control group experienced opposite effects, indicating the benefits of the intervention.

Klotz, L.: Active surveillance for men with localized prostate cancer: a systematic review., PubMed, 2013-06-10

This study systematically reviews the literature on focal therapy as an alternative treatment for localized prostate cancer, evaluating its outcomes.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive search of multiple databases to identify studies examining focal therapy for biopsy-proven localized prostate cancer. They included a variety of study designs, primarily focusing on perioperative, functional, and disease control outcomes following treatment.

Findings : The review indicated that focal therapy can achieve positive outcomes in short- to medium-term follow-ups, including high rates of continence and erectile function preservation, while also showing potential to reduce overtreatment of localized prostate cancer. However, the authors emphasized the need for more robust comparative studies to further validate these findings.

NIH: PMC4870347, National Institutes of Health

The study investigates the effects of Saw Palmetto Supplements on androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells and growth in Syrian hamster flank organs.

Method : The study utilized in vitro cell culture methods with LNCaP prostate cancer cells and in vivo experiments with castrated male Syrian hamsters, measuring the growth effects of different Saw Palmetto Supplements formulations.

Findings : Saw Palmetto Supplements with high medium-chain fatty acids significantly reduced the number of LNCaP cells and impact flank organ growth, suggesting potential antiandrogenic effects; however, growth reduction was not statistically significant in hamster organs.

Ben’s Natural Health: Aggressive Prostate Cancer, Ben’s Natural Health

This study examines the incidence, clinicopathologic features, and outcomes of men presenting with elevated serum PSA levels (specifically >20 ng/mL) at an inner-city hospital.

Method : The study involved 560 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies due to elevated PSA levels >4 ng/mL, with or without abnormal digital rectal exams.

Findings : Among the 560 men, 12% had PSA levels >20 ng/mL, with 10% diagnosed with prostate cancer; PSA levels >30 ng/mL were found to be highly predictive of cancer, emphasizing the need for aggressive screening and education in inner cities.

Study on Prostate Biopsy: Study on Impotence after Multiple Biopsies, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the impact of multiple prostate biopsies on erectile function outcomes following nerve-sparing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Method : The research analyzed data from 367 patients who underwent robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy with a focus on those who had either single or multiple prostate biopsies. The two groups were compared based on potency and continence rates at 3 and 6 months post-surgery, controlling for significant preoperative variables.

Findings : Patients who underwent multiple biopsies showed significantly worse erectile function outcomes at 6 months post-surgery, with only 57% retaining potency compared to 80% in the single biopsy group. Continence rates, on the other hand, did not differ significantly between the two groups.

N/A: Cholesterol and the prostate, NCBI, N/A

The study examines the relationship between cholesterol levels and the risk of prostate cancer, highlighting the potential role of cholesterol-lowering strategies in reducing the incidence of aggressive prostate cancer.

Method : The study synthesizes data from human epidemiological studies, animal models, and cell biology experiments to assess the impact of circulating cholesterol on prostate cancer progression and to evaluate the effects of statin use on cancer risk.

Findings : High circulating cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer, while cholesterol-lowering strategies, particularly the use of statins, may confer a protective effect against the progression of the disease.

G. R. Oefelein et al.: Leuprolide: A Review of Its Clinical Use in Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2007

The study reviews the clinical uses of leuprolide acetate, particularly in treating prostate cancer and other conditions.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review to analyze the pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and various applications of leuprolide acetate in different medical contexts.

Findings : Leuprolide acetate is effective in suppressing gonadotropin secretion, which is beneficial in treating prostate cancer, endometriosis, and other conditions, with potential applications in Alzheimer’s disease and other areas yet to be fully explored.

Y. P. Lee et al.: Leuprolide Acetate: A Review of Clinical Pharmacology in Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2019

The study investigates the effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release formulation of leuprolide acetate for androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients.

Method : This Phase III, open-label, multicenter clinical trial included 163 patients who received two intramuscular injections of the 22.5-mg depot formulation, and plasma testosterone levels were monitored over a 168-day period.

Findings : The results showed that 96.8% of patients achieved and maintained castrate testosterone levels from days 28 to 168, with significant reductions in luteinizing hormone and prostate-specific antigen levels. The formulation was well-tolerated with common side effects including hot flushes and fatigue.

T. G. M. Hirsch et al.: The Role of LHRH Agonists in Prostate Cancer Treatment, NCBI PMC

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of leuprolide acetate 6-month depot for suppressing testosterone in men with prostate cancer.

Method : An open-label clinical trial involving 151 men with prostate cancer was conducted. Subjects received two intramuscular injections 24 weeks apart, with efficacy measured by the proportion achieving testosterone suppression and monitoring adverse events throughout the treatment period.

Findings : The study found that 93.4% of subjects achieved testosterone suppression to levels ≤50 ng/dl from week 4 to week 48, with a maintenance of low PSA levels and manageable adverse effects, primarily flushing and injection site reactions.

Prostate Cancer Survival Rates by Stage, American Cancer Society

The study examines survival rates for prostate cancer based on the stage of the disease at diagnosis, specifically looking at localized, regional, and distant stages.

Method : The data utilized for this study was sourced from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, which tracks cancer survival rates in the U.S. The study included survival statistics for men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2013 and 2019, categorized by the extent of cancer spread.

Findings : The 5-year relative survival rates for prostate cancer were found to be greater than 99% for both localized and regional stages, while the survival rate dropped to 34% for distant stage cancer. Overall, the combined survival rate across all stages was 97%.

Not specified: Prostate cancer is the primary cause of mortality in American men, NCBI, 2015

This study investigates the relationship between dietary factors and the incidence and progression of prostate cancer, highlighting the potential role of nutrition in cancer outcomes.

Method : The researchers conducted a comprehensive review of epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies related to dietary patterns, nutrients, and their association with prostate cancer risk and progression.

Findings : The review suggests that certain dietary components, such as low carbohydrate intake, soy protein, omega-3 fats, and various fruits and vegetables may reduce prostate cancer risk, while higher saturated fat intake may increase risk. However, the evidence is mixed and further well-designed trials are necessary to clarify these relationships.

Zero Cancer: About Prostate Cancer – Risks, Zero Cancer, n.d.

The study examines the various risk factors associated with prostate cancer, including age, family history, race, and occupational hazards, to better understand and mitigate these risks for early detection and intervention.

Method : The study uses a combination of literature review and data analysis to identify and summarize known risk factors for prostate cancer, emphasizing the significance of each factor based on existing research and statistical data.

Findings : Key findings indicate that age is a major risk factor, with men over 60 years being significantly affected. Family history doubles the risk, while African American men face higher incidence rates compared to other races. Furthermore, certain occupations, such as firefighters and veterans, are linked to increased risk due to chemical exposures.

Not specified: Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Prostate Cancer Risks, NCBI, Not specified

This study investigates the association between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk, focusing on its effect on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and different cancer grades.

Method : The research employed a case-control design nested within the UK ProtecT study, analyzing 2,400 prostate cancer cases and 12,700 matched controls, utilizing regression models to estimate the relationship between alcohol intake and PSA levels as well as cancer risk by grade and stage.

Findings : The study found that increasing alcohol consumption was associated with lower PSA levels and a potential decrease in risk for low-grade prostate cancer, while suggesting a modest increase in the risk of high-grade disease, highlighting the complexity of alcohol’s role in prostate cancer risk.

Prostate Cancer Therapies Update, Effective Health Care

This study reviews various treatment options for localized prostate cancer, comparing their effectiveness and side effects.

Method : The study is based on a systematic review of 52 studies published between 2007 and 2014, analyzing different treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer.

Findings : Findings indicate that surgery reduces the risk of cancer spreading and improves survival rates compared to watchful waiting, while a combination of external-beam radiation with hormone therapy also enhances survival outcomes.

Selenium and Prostate Cancer, PubMed

The study investigates the effects of selenium on the growth of normal and cancerous prostate cells, focusing on its potential role in preventing prostate cancer.

Method : The study used sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and l-selenomethionine (SeMet) to treat various prostate cell cultures and cancer cell lines, assessing cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner through experiments measuring viability, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest.

Findings : Results indicated that selenium, particularly Na2SeO3, significantly inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, specifically showing strong effectiveness against androgen-responsive LNCaP cells, while having minimal effects on normal prostate cells.

Author Unknown: Study on Adverse Effects of Degarelix, PubMed, 2021

The study evaluates the effects of Degarelix, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, in comparison to standard androgen suppression therapy for men with advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Method : The study utilizes a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing Degarelix to standard androgen suppression therapies. Databases were searched for relevant trials, and selected studies were analyzed for primary outcomes including overall survival and serious adverse events, and secondary outcomes like quality of life and clinical progression.

Findings : The findings suggest that Degarelix may result in little to no difference in serious adverse events compared to standard therapy. There was no data available to evaluate overall survival, while quality of life showed minimal differences, and injection site pain was significantly higher with Degarelix.

Author Unknown: Tolerability Studies of Degarelix Before FDA Approval, PubMed, 2009

The study assesses the tolerability of Degarelix, a GnRH receptor antagonist, in patients with prostate cancer before FDA approval.

Method : The research involved randomized, open-label, phase II and III trials wherein participants received subcutaneous Degarelix and were monitored for testosterone suppression and adverse events over one year.

Findings : The findings indicated that Degarelix achieved rapid and sustained suppression of serum testosterone, with good tolerability; reported adverse events were mostly mild and related to injection site reactions and hormonal effects.

D. H. K. DeWitt, et al.: Boron and Prostate Cancer Risk, PubMed, 2006

The study evaluates the relationship between boron levels in groundwater and prostate cancer risk, as well as boron’s effects on prostate cancer cell growth.

Method : The researchers used regression analysis on data from the Texas Cancer Registry to determine correlations between prostate cancer incidence and groundwater boron concentrations, while laboratory experiments were conducted on DU-145 cancer cells to assess the impact of boron and its interaction with chemotherapy agents.

Findings : The study found that higher groundwater boron levels were associated with reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Boron enhanced the effectiveness of certain chemotherapy drugs and improved the sensitivity of cancer cells to ionizing radiation.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Prostate Cancer Statistics, NCBI Books, 2018

The study examines the statistics and management of localized prostate cancer, emphasizing its indolent nature and the various evaluation and treatment options available.

Method : The study utilizes a comprehensive literature review to gather data on prostate cancer epidemiology, risk factors, evaluation methods, treatment modalities, and outcomes, informed by recent clinical guidelines and practice patterns.

Findings : Localized prostate cancer typically shows slow progression and has a high five-year survival rate of 98%. The study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing the disease and contours the role of active surveillance, surgery, and radiotherapy in treatment decisions.

R. I. W. Schaeffer et al.: The Impact of Prostate Cancer on Quality of Life, Association for the Study of Sexual and Arousal Disorders, 2012

This study examines the effects of prostate cancer on patients’ quality of life, including physical, emotional, and social aspects.

Method : The study utilized self-reported questionnaires from prostate cancer patients to assess their quality of life, including factors like pain, psychological distress, and social functioning.

Findings : The findings indicated that prostate cancer significantly impacts quality of life, with many patients reporting reduced physical health, increased emotional distress, and changes in social interactions.

The Role of Testosterone and DHT in Prostate Cancer, NCBI, 2014-10-01

The study explores the relationship between testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the development or progression of prostate cancer, particularly focusing on the role of 5α-reductase inhibitors.

Method : The authors reviewed recent studies and trials related to the effects of DHT and 5α-reductase activity on prostate cancer development, including experimental models of castration-resistant prostate cancer and analysis of clinical trial data.

Findings : The study concludes that while DHT plays a complex role in prostate cancer, its contribution to the progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer is significant but not fully understood. The use of 5α-reductase inhibitors remains controversial due to conflicting results in clinical trials regarding their efficacy and the potential to induce more aggressive forms of cancer.

F. L. Malhotra: Androgen Suppression Therapy and Prostate Cancer, NCBI

The study focuses on the relationship between dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and prostate cancer, including how androgen suppression therapy can affect the severity and progression of the disease.

Method : The study utilized various clinical trials and gene expression analyses to investigate how DHT influences prostate cancer development and the effectiveness of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in reducing DHT levels to possibly decrease the risk of prostate cancer.

Findings : Results indicated that while DHT is associated with prostate cancer progression, interventions with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride can reduce prostate cancer incidence, although they may also increase rates of higher-grade cancers.

N/A: Findings on sexual and urinary function after radical prostatectomy, JAMA Network, N/A

This study investigates the impact of radical prostatectomy on urinary and sexual function in men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer.

Method : The Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study is a population-based longitudinal cohort study involving 1291 men from various demographics, where participants filled out questionnaires regarding their urinary and sexual function at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months post-surgery.

Findings : At 18 or more months after surgery, 8.4% of men experienced incontinence while 59.9% reported impotence. Sexual function showed significant decline post-surgery, varying by age and race, yet most men expressed satisfaction with their treatment.

Cohort Studies on Prostate Cancer and Coffee Consumption, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the relationship between coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk through a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Method : The researchers performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, including data extraction and synthesis from 16 studies involving over 1 million cohort members and 57,732 prostate cancer cases.

Findings : The results indicated that higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer, with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.91 for the highest coffee consumers compared to the lowest, and a linear trend suggesting decreased risk with increased coffee intake.

N/A: Treatment of Prostate Problems, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the prevalence of clinically significant prostate cancer in men aged 75 and older, challenging the idea that routine screening should cease in this age group.

Method : The analysis reviewed 1,446 prostate needle biopsies from men aged 75 and older, examining pathology reports and serum PSA levels. Statistically significant relationships between age and Gleason grades were identified through regression analyses.

Findings : The study found that 53% of biopsies were positive for prostate cancer, with 78% classified as clinically significant. It concluded that higher serum PSA thresholds could miss a considerable number of significant cancers, advocating for continued screening in older men.

Crawford: Prostate Cancer Statistics, Ben’s Natural Health, 2003

The study focuses on the statistics surrounding prostate cancer, including prevalence, risk factors, and mortality rates.

Method : The statistics are based on data gathered from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute, providing estimates for new cases and deaths for the year 2024.

Findings : In 2024, about 299,010 new cases of prostate cancer and approximately 35,250 deaths from the disease are projected in the U.S. It is estimated that 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime, with a higher risk observed in older and African American men.

Baarman et al.: Safety and Efficacy of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate Compared with Traditional Surgical Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, PubMed, 2019

The study investigates the safety and effectiveness of focal laser ablation (FLA) as a treatment for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer in preserving sexual and urinary function while achieving satisfactory oncological outcomes.

Method : The study evaluated 120 patients who underwent transrectal FLA, with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months involving clinical assessments, MR imaging, biopsies, and surveys on sexual and urinary function. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze imaging and biopsy outcomes, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were applied to assess functional scores.

Findings : The results indicated that FLA led to low morbidity, maintained the quality of life, with a significant PSA reduction (median PSA from 6.05 to 3.25 at 12 months), and had an 83% freedom from retreatment rate, without significantly affecting sexual and urinary functions.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: PSA levels between 1 and 10, PubMed

The study investigates the effectiveness of the PSA mass ratio in detecting prostate cancer in men with PSA levels of ≤10 ng/mL.

Method : The researchers reviewed medical records of 2431 men aged 56-80 who underwent multi-core prostate biopsies, comparing the predictive accuracies of PSA mass ratio and other variables using receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Findings : The PSA mass ratio had a higher accuracy than total PSA at predicting cancer detection (0.638 vs 0.565), but its inclusion did not significantly enhance predictive models for prostate cancer compared to traditional metrics.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Abnormal PSA reading in a routine annual blood test, PubMed

The study reviews how to approach abnormal PSA test results, emphasizing the evolving guidelines and practices in prostate cancer screening.

Method : This review examines the literature on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, focusing on lower total PSA thresholds and recent insights into PSA isoforms and kinetics.

Findings : It highlights the necessity of informed decision-making around PSA screening, suggesting that the understanding and use of PSA tests have evolved, allowing for better clinical management of prostate cancer risk.

National Cancer Institute: Biomarkers in urine may offer non-invasive detection of prostate cancer, National Cancer Institute

The study investigates the potential of using urinary biomarkers to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies in men suspected of having prostate cancer.

Method : Researchers tested urine samples from men referred for prostate biopsy for elevated levels of RNA biomarkers PCA3 and T2:ERG, assessing their ability to indicate the presence of aggressive prostate cancer and the necessity of biopsies.

Findings : The use of these biomarkers could have reduced unnecessary biopsies by 42%, while still allowing for the detection of aggressive cancers, indicating a significant advancement in non-invasive prostate cancer screening.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: A repeat PSA test, PubMed

The study examines the impact of repeating PSA tests before prostate biopsy to assess cancer risk.

Method : The study involved enrolling 331 men undergoing prostate biopsy based on an initial PSA level of ≥4 ng/mL. A repeat PSA test was conducted four weeks later, and various PSA level changes were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to correlate with biopsy outcomes.

Findings : The study found that a decrease of ≥20% in PSA levels was significantly associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer and high-grade disease. Conversely, stable PSA levels within a 20% range or a rise in PSA levels were linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer.

ecancer: Biomarker in urine may offer non-invasive detection of prostate cancer, ecancer

The study investigates a novel biomarker for prostate cancer, specifically a gene fusion involving the KLK4 protein coding gene and KLKP1 pseudogene, which can be detected in urine samples for non-invasive diagnosis.

Method : The researchers screened a cohort of 659 patients to assess the expression of the KLK4-KLKP1 fusion gene in urine samples and evaluated its presence in needle biopsy tissue samples, utilizing specific antibodies for detection.

Findings : The study found that the KLK4-KLKP1 fusion gene is present in about 32 percent of prostate cancer patients, indicating its potential as a reliable biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer and a therapeutic target.

Thompson: Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, Annual American Urological Association Meeting, 2013

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) investigates the efficacy of finasteride in reducing the risk of prostate cancer in men over the age of 55.

Method : The PCPT was a randomized trial involving 18,882 men from 1993 to 1997, assigning participants to either finasteride or placebo, with long-term follow-up to assess cancer incidence and mortality.

Findings : The study found that finasteride reduced the risk of prostate cancer by 25% without increasing the risk of prostate cancer death, even following a median follow-up of 18.4 years.

prostate cancer

Not specified: Treatment Options for Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Cancer.net, Not specified

The study discusses hormone therapy as a key treatment for prostate cancer, focusing on its mechanisms, types, and clinical usage.

Method : The study examines various hormone therapies, including androgen deprivation therapy and assessment of their effectiveness in castration-sensitive and resistant prostate cancer through clinical trial data and reviews existing literature.

Findings : Hormone therapy can initially be very effective for treating castration-sensitive prostate cancer, prolonging survival and delaying disease progression. However, over time, many tumors develop resistance, leading to the need for alternative treatments such as chemotherapy, newer hormone therapies, and other innovative approaches.

Prostate Cancer

Not specified: Information on HIFU for Prostate Cancer, Columbia Urology, Not specified

The study focuses on High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) as a treatment option for prostate cancer, examining its efficacy and patient outcomes.

Method : The research involves a review of existing literature and clinical trials assessing the outcomes of HIFU treatment for prostate cancer, including patient satisfaction, cancer control rates, and side effects.

Findings : Findings indicate that HIFU can be an effective and safe treatment for localized prostate cancer, showing low rates of complications and satisfactory cancer control, although long-term studies are still needed.

N/A: Investigation of Treatment-Associated Regrets in Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2021

The study investigates the factors associated with treatment-related regret among men with localized prostate cancer, focusing on treatment modalities, functional outcomes, and patient expectations.

Method : This population-based, prospective cohort study analyzed data from 5 SEER-based registries including men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer from 2011 to 2012. It assessed treatment-related regret at 5 years post-diagnosis using validated metrics and adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics.

Findings : Approximately 16% of men who underwent surgery, 11% who received radiotherapy, and 7% who opted for active surveillance reported treatment-related regret. Treatment modality and patient-reported functional outcomes significantly contribute to regret, particularly related to sexual dysfunction and expectations set prior to treatment.

Cancer Research UK: Prostate Cancer Stages and Grades, Cancer Research UK

The study provides an overview of Grade Groups used to classify and evaluate the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, transitioning from the Gleason score to a more accurate grading system.

Method : The Grade Group determination involves a pathologist analyzing biopsy samples from the prostate to assess how similar the cancer cells are to normal cells, categorizing them into five groups based on aggressiveness.

Findings : The findings indicate a strong correlation between the Grade Groups and the expected behavior of the cancer, with Group 1 being least aggressive and Group 5 being most aggressive. The study emphasizes the importance of these groups in influencing treatment decisions for prostate cancer patients.

PubMed: Radium 223 Dichloride in Bone Metastasis, PubMed

The study investigates survival differences among patients with stage IV prostate cancer categorized by clinical T4, nodal, and metastatic disease.

Method : The research analyzed data from 17 SEER registries from 1995 to 2003, employing multivariate and univariate analyses to examine overall and prostate cancer-specific survival while controlling for patient and disease characteristics.

Findings : Results indicated significant survival differences between clinical T4N0M0 and M1 cancers, with a pronounced effect observed in younger patients. Factors such as higher tumor grade and absence of a spouse were associated with poorer survival outcomes.

G. D. Mark et al.: Prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer screening: A primer for primary care physicians, PubMed, 2018

The study addresses the impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on prostate cancer screening and its implications for primary care physicians.

Method : The study conducted a review of clinical data and relevant guidelines regarding PSA testing and its role in prostate cancer outcomes, emphasizing the importance of shared decision-making for men aged 55-69 years.

Findings : The findings indicated that PSA testing has contributed to a significant decrease in prostate cancer mortality by 53%, but concerns over overdiagnosis and overtreatment have surfaced, leading to new recommendations for a tailored screening approach, especially for high-risk individuals.

H. A. K. Yang et al.: Prostate cancer screening: What’s the evidence?, PubMed, 2018

The study evaluates the effectiveness and recommendations regarding prostate cancer screening using PSA-based tests based on updated evidence.

Method : The US Preventive Services Task Force conducted an evidence review on the benefits and harms of PSA screening and analyzed decision analysis models; they specifically studied subpopulations at higher risk such as older men and those with a family history.

Findings : The results indicate that PSA screening may prevent approximately 1.3 deaths per 1000 men screened aged 55 to 69 over 13 years, but comes with significant potential harms including false positives and treatment complications. The net benefit is considered small for many men and the Task Force recommends against screening for men aged 70 and older.

Prostate Cancer Detection

Cochrane Database: Prostate MRI or without MRI-targeted biopsy better than systematic biopsy at detecting prostate cancer in men, Cochrane

This study examines the effectiveness of prostate MRI, with or without MRI-targeted biopsy, in comparison to systematic biopsy for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in men.

Method : The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 studies that compared the diagnostic accuracy of MRI, MRI-targeted biopsy, and systematic biopsy against template-guided biopsy as the reference standard, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and detection ratios.

Findings : The MRI pathway was found to be more effective than systematic biopsy, with a 12% higher likelihood of correct diagnoses for clinically significant prostate cancer. Nevertheless, both methods still missed a significant number of clinically significant cases, highlighting the need for further research to improve diagnostic pathways.

Prostate Cancer Screening

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Repeat test to confirm the high result, PubMed

This study investigates the impact of repeated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in men with elevated PSA levels on the subsequent risk of prostate biopsy and cancer diagnosis.

Method : The study included a cohort of 1268 patients referred to a prostate cancer assessment clinic, where univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between repeated PSA results and the likelihood of biopsy and cancer diagnosis.

Findings : Men with normal repeated PSA results had a significantly lower likelihood of undergoing a biopsy and being diagnosed with prostate cancer compared to those with abnormal results, suggesting that routine retesting can reduce unnecessary interventions.

Prostate Cancer Treatment

Giberti C et al.: Comparative effectiveness of radical prostatectomy and low-dose radiation brachytherapy, PubMed, 2011

This study compares the effectiveness of radical prostatectomy against watchful waiting strategies in men with early prostate cancer, specifically analyzing long-term outcomes related to mortality from prostate cancer.

Method : The study randomized 695 men diagnosed with early prostate cancer between 1989 and 1999 into two groups: one underwent radical prostatectomy while the other implemented watchful waiting. Follow-up assessments continued for approximately 15 years, with analysis conducted using Cox proportional-hazards models to estimate relative risks and confidence intervals.

Findings : Results indicated that 166 deaths occurred in the radical prostatectomy group compared to 201 in the watchful waiting group, which translates to a statistically significant reduction in prostate cancer mortality (hazard ratio 0.62). The study concluded that radical prostatectomy significantly reduces mortality from prostate cancer, particularly in younger patients and those with a specific tumor growth pattern.

Prostate Examination

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Manual examination of the prostate, PubMed

The study investigates the short-term impact of digital rectal examination (DRE) on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men presenting with urinary symptoms.

Method : This prospective study involved 50 men undergoing DRE, with serum PSA levels measured before the examination and again at 30 minutes and 24 hours afterwards.

Findings : Results showed a statistically significant increase in PSA levels 30 minutes after DRE, but the clinical significance of this change remains uncertain, suggesting DRE should be performed after blood sampling for PSA.

Prostate Health

Chiu K et al.: Vegetable consumption and benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007

The study investigates the relationship between vegetable consumption and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men.

Method : The research utilized data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, which involved a cohort of health professionals who reported their dietary habits and health outcomes through questionnaires over several years.

Findings : The findings suggested that higher vegetable consumption, particularly certain types of vegetables, was associated with a reduced risk of developing BPH, indicating that dietary choices may play a role in prostate health.

D. M. E. Davin et al.: The effectiveness of Saw Palmetto in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

The study investigates the safety and efficacy of Saw Palmetto, a herbal supplement, in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in adult males.

Method : The research is a systematic review that compiles and evaluates findings from various studies on Saw Palmetto’s effects, further analyzing the pooled data to make new statistical inferences regarding its effectiveness and safety.

Findings : The review suggests that Saw Palmetto can be an effective treatment for BPH, helping to alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, while also noting its potential additional health benefits.

Not Specified: Systematic Review on Prostate Massage, PubMed, Not Specified

This study assesses the effects of non-pharmacological interventions for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Method : The review involved a comprehensive search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using multiple databases without language restrictions. The data from 38 unique studies involving 3290 men were analyzed for outcomes related to prostatitis symptoms, adverse events, sexual dysfunction, urinary symptoms, quality of life, anxiety and depression.

Findings : Acupuncture and extracorporeal shockwave therapy were found to likely reduce prostatitis symptoms with moderate to high quality of evidence. Other interventions, like lifestyle modifications and physical activity programs, showed some promise, but the evidence was predominantly low-quality for most comparisons.

Vigneswaran et al.: Prostate artery embolization results, PubMed, 2021

This study compares the effects of Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE) and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted using the UK-ROPE multicentre database, including patients who provided complete IPSS data. Statistical tests, including Student’s t-test and ANOVA, were employed to compare symptom improvements between the two treatment methods.

Findings : Both TURP and PAE improved urinary symptoms, but TURP showed a significantly higher proportionate reduction in voiding symptoms compared to PAE (27.3% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.001), indicating a more pronounced effect on voiding symptoms with TURP, while PAE provided a balanced improvement for both types of symptoms.

BPH disease is both predictable and preventable, Journal of Urology

This study reviews the predictability and preventability of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) disease among men, focusing on identifying those at risk and the implications for treatment.

Method : The researchers conducted a literature review using the MEDLINE database to gather evidence on various aspects of BPH, including disease progression, complications, predictive factors, and prevention strategies with medical therapy.

Findings : The study concluded that BPH disease is both predictable and preventable, primarily through the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels greater than 1.5 ng/ml as a marker for identifying men at risk, and that 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors may help in preventing disease progression regardless of symptoms.

Study on Active Patients with Prostate Problems, The Journal of Urology, Unknown

This study investigates the relationship between long-term physical activity and the prevalence of moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men aged 45 to 79.

Method : The research utilized a cross-sectional design involving a representative sample of 30,377 men who completed a questionnaire covering lifestyle habits, urinary symptoms measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score, and demographic data.

Findings : The findings revealed that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with lower odds of experiencing moderate to severe LUTS, indicating that both current and past physical activity levels are inversely related to symptoms.

Do pumpkin seeds or pumpkin supplements reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?, Journals LWW, 2018

The study investigates whether pumpkin seeds or pumpkin supplements can help reduce symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The research involved a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing clinical trials assessing the effects of pumpkin seeds and supplements on BPH symptoms. Patient-reported outcomes and clinical assessments were compared before and after treatment.

Findings : The findings indicated that pumpkin seed oil and supplements may be effective in alleviating BPH symptoms, improving urine flow, and reducing discomfort, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits for men suffering from this condition.

National Institute of Health: Physical Activity and Prostate Health, National Institutes of Health

The study investigates the impact of physical activity on the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in middle-aged and older men.

Method : A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 582 men aged 40 years and older. Participants were surveyed on their physical activity levels and underwent assessments including digital rectal examinations and prostate-specific antigen measurements. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between physical activity and BPH prevalence.

Findings : Reducing sedentary time was significantly associated with a lower risk of BPH. Specifically, those with lower levels of sedentary time (4.5-7.0 hours/day) had a decreased risk compared to those with higher sedentary time (greater than 7 hours/day). Regular exercise and other physical activity variables did not show significant associations with BPH.

Not specified: Study on Ejaculation Frequency and Prostate Health, Urology, 2003

The study investigates the relationship between ejaculation frequency and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms and prostate health.

Method : The research analyzed cross-sectional data from 2115 men aged 40-79 years who completed a questionnaire assessing urinary symptoms and provided information on ejaculation frequency.

Findings : The study found no significant relationship between ejaculation frequency and lower urinary tract symptoms, peak urinary flow rates, or prostate volume after adjusting for age, indicating that the earlier observed associations were likely confounded by age factors.

John Smith: Inflammatory Reaction in Prostates with BPH, NCBI

The study investigates the impact of asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis on clinical outcomes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who undergo transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Method : The study was retrospective, analyzing data from 514 patients with BPH treated with TURP between 2013 and 2015, comparing clinical parameters and pathological results before and one year after the surgery. Patients were categorized based on the presence of prostatic inflammation, and various clinical measures such as the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and maximal urine flow (Qmax) were assessed.

Findings : Patients with prostatic inflammation had worse preoperative IPSS and lower Qmax scores compared to those without inflammation. One year post-surgery, the improvement in symptoms was significantly less in patients with inflammation, suggesting that asymptomatic prostate inflammation adversely affects urinary symptoms and flow rates in patients with BPH.

A. E. Shariat et al.: Bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract symptoms, PubMed, 2012

This study investigates the chronic effects of caffeine intake on prostate morphology and physiology in rats, particularly focusing on its impact on androgen-related stimuli, cell proliferation, and the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : The researchers conducted a controlled experiment using male Wistar rats divided into two groups: a caffeine-treated group receiving caffeine-infused drinking water and a control group. Both groups underwent morphological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of their prostate tissues, followed by measurement of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in plasma.

Findings : Results indicated that caffeine intake led to increased levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, enhanced epithelial cell proliferation, and various degrees of hyperplasia in the prostate, suggesting that chronic caffeine consumption may stimulate androgen signaling and contribute to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Role of physical exercise in prostate cancer recovery, Lipid World, Unknown

The study investigates the effects of physical resistance training on lipid metabolism and apoptosis in the prostate of Wistar rats, with a focus on understanding the potential implications for prostate cancer recovery.

Method : The study employed an experimental design with two groups of adult male Wistar rats, one subjected to physical resistance training and the other serving as sedentary controls. The training involved aquatic jumps with weight loads for 13 weeks, followed by analysis of blood and prostate tissue.

Findings : Resistance training enhanced lipid metabolism, increased serum levels of IGF-1 and free testosterone, and altered expression of apoptotic markers, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits of physical exercise in improving prostate health.

Bo et al.: Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume, Journal of Urology, 2003

The study analyzes long-term clinical outcomes of men with prostate sizes of 80 mL or greater managed conservatively.

Method : A retrospective analysis was conducted on 50 men with prostate volumes of 80 mL or larger, comparing clinical parameters like age, PSA levels, and urological symptoms at study entry and at the latest follow-up after a median of 62 months.

Findings : While there was a high rate of clinical progression (33%), a significant portion of men (69%) maintained good quality of life and only mild to moderate symptoms, indicating that conservative management with pharmacotherapy can be effective.

N/A: Enlarged Prostate, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the effects of an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention on gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer.

Method : A pilot study involving 30 men who underwent comprehensive lifestyle changes for three months, with pre- and post-intervention gene expression analyzed using RNA samples from prostate needle biopsies.

Findings : The intervention led to significant changes in gene expression, with 48 transcripts up-regulated and 453 down-regulated. It was associated with improvements in weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile, suggesting that lifestyle modifications may influence molecular mechanisms linked to prostate cancer progression.

Unspecified: Understanding prostate conditions, PubMed, 2020

The study investigates the predictive capacity of Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity (PSAV) and the Free PSA/Total PSA ratio in assessing prostate conditions among men over 47 years old.

Method : A prospective multicentre observational study was conducted on 2035 men aged over 47, with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria based on prostate health and PSA levels.

Findings : The study found that PSAV, its acceleration direction, and iPSA were strongly correlated with prostate health outcomes; specifically, men with higher PSAV were more likely to have benign conditions or prostate cancer, showing that PSAV can be a useful predictor of prostate health.

Multiple Authors: Review on beta-sitosterol in vegetables and its relation to prostate health, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Date not specified

The study reviews the role of beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, in prostate health particularly in relation to enlarged prostate and cancer.

Method : The study utilized literature review and analysis of existing clinical trials to examine the effects and mechanisms of beta-sitosterol on prostate conditions and its interaction with biological targets.

Findings : Beta-sitosterol has shown effectiveness in reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and may have anti-cancer properties; however, its mechanisms of action require further investigation.

Unspecified: Prostatic inflammation, NCBI, 2014

The study reviews the connection between chronic inflammation and the risk of prostate cancer, highlighting various contributors and mechanisms involved in this relationship.

Method : The study is a comprehensive literature review analyzing various epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies that investigate the role of inflammation in prostate cancer development.

Findings : Chronic inflammation in prostate tissues is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, with contributors including infections, dietary factors, and inflammatory responses. The presence of proliferative inflammatory atrophy is identified as a potential precursor lesion to prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer Progression and Exercise, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, Unknown

This study investigates the relationship between physical activity (PA) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes as well as nocturia in men.

Method : The research utilized data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, focusing on prevalent (28,404 men) and incident (4,710 men) BPH-related outcomes and nocturia, applying Poisson regression for analysis.

Findings : The study found that PA was weakly positively associated with several BPH-related outcomes but strongly inversely associated with prevalent nocturia; men active for ≥1 hour/week were 13% less likely to experience nocturia and 34% less likely to report severe nocturia compared to inactive men.

Survey Reveals Low Levels of Awareness in Men About Prostate Health and Function, Uroweb, 2019

The study focuses on men’s awareness of prostate health and function, specifically among men over 50 years, emphasizing the misconceptions regarding the prostate and its related conditions such as benign prostatic enlargement.

Method : The study was conducted through a survey of 3,010 men over 50 years old in the UK, Germany, and France, assessing their knowledge about the prostate and its functions.

Findings : The survey revealed that only 26% of men could correctly identify the prostate’s main function, with 38% recognizing enlarged prostate symptoms and many failing to distinguish between aging signs and serious health issues, prompting concern among medical professionals.

Prostate Cancer and BPH, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer, examining their co-occurrence and risk factors.

Method : The analysis includes review of existing literature and clinical evaluations, particularly focusing on PSA levels, digital rectal examination results, and histological biopsy confirmation.

Findings : BPH is prevalent among older men and is not a risk factor for prostate cancer, although they often coexist. Age and family history are the main predictors of prostate cancer risk.

NIH: Prostate Health, NCBI

This study evaluates physician consultations regarding prostate cancer (PCa) screening and the associated knowledge of prostate cancer among African American men, emphasizing the need for improved communication in healthcare settings.

Method : The study involved a cross-sectional survey of self-identified African American men in California and New York, aged 21-85, who completed health surveys and donated blood for serum PSA analysis. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between physician consultations and PCa knowledge while measuring serum PSA levels with ELISA.

Findings : Only 45.2% of participants had discussed PCa screening with their physicians. Higher PCa knowledge was linked to younger age, higher income and education levels, and discussions about screening with physicians. Among those who had not discussed screening, 29.1% showed elevated PSA levels, indicating a need for better communication and proactive screening strategies in this high-risk population.

Sauer et al.: Review of the role of zinc in prostate health, Wiley Online Library, 2020

This study reviews the significance and impact of zinc in maintaining prostate health, discussing its role in various physiological and pathological processes.

Method : The study conducted an extensive literature review that synthesized data from clinical studies and experimental research to evaluate the association between zinc levels and prostate health outcomes, including the incidence of prostate diseases.

Findings : The findings suggest that adequate zinc levels are crucial for prostate function, and cholesterol metabolism, while lower zinc levels may be related to increased risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

NCBI: Effects of dietary components on prostate health, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2021

The study examines the relationship between dietary patterns and prostate health issues, specifically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED).

Method : A non-systematic review of English articles published from 1964 to September 2021 was conducted, focusing on dietary patterns and their association with BPH and ED. The review systematically highlighted findings from both animal studies and human trials.

Findings : The review suggests that adherence to the Mediterranean diet, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish, and low intake of red meat, may positively influence erectile function and alleviate symptoms of BPH, necessitating further in-depth studies to confirm these observations.

PMC5488476, NCBI, 2016

This study compares the effectiveness of alfuzosin and tamsulosin, two α-receptor blockers, in treating lower urinary tract symptoms, sexual function, and quality of life in young and middle-aged men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : The study recruited 80 patients, divided them into two groups to receive either alfuzosin or tamsulosin for 18 days, and compared various outcomes including urinary function, semen quality, erectile function, and quality of life scores before and after treatment.

Findings : Tamsulosin significantly improved urinary flow, bladder compliance, and sexual function compared to alfuzosin, leading to better semen quality and quality of life in the treated group.

18533373, PubMed, 2008

The study discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), its symptoms, diagnosis, evaluation, and various management strategies including medical and surgical treatments.

Method : The study is a review article that synthesizes existing literature on BPH, detailing symptom assessment tools, treatment options, and intervention outcomes based on clinical guidelines.

Findings : BPH is prevalent among older men and can be managed through various approaches; while medical treatments like alpha blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors can alleviate symptoms, surgical options like transurethral resection provide long-term relief. Observation is viable for mild cases with regular follow-up.

36551962, PubMed Central, 2022

The review discusses the role of zinc in prostate health and disease, emphasizing its importance in influencing prostate cancer outcomes.

Method : The study is a mini-review based on general information sourced from PubMed, which includes various aspects of zinc’s involvement in prostate health and disease.

Findings : The review found that zinc plays a critical role in maintaining citrate levels in the prostate, and deficiencies in zinc are linked to prostate cancer. The study suggests that understanding zinc’s function and transport mechanisms can potentially enhance prostate cancer screening and management.

Smith, L.: Prostate-specific antigen: A review., PubMed, 2003

The study reviews prostate-specific antigen (PSA), detailing its biological functions, clinical applications, and challenges in its use for prostate cancer diagnosis and management.

Method : The study is a review article that synthesizes existing literature on PSA, including its biochemical properties, diagnostic importance in prostate cancer detection, and the implications of PSA levels in clinical practice.

Findings : The review indicates that while elevated PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer, they are also prevalent in benign conditions. The differentiation between free and total PSA can enhance specificity for prostate cancer detection, and ongoing research aims to identify more refined markers for early-stage detection.

Dr. Reith Sarkar: The impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia medication on prostate cancer diagnosis, JAMA Internal Medicine, May 2019

This study investigates the association between the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and prostate cancer-specific mortality among older adults, given that 5-ARIs are known to lower PSA levels and potentially delay cancer diagnoses.

Method : The study utilized a cohort design analyzing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program linked with Medicare databases, focusing on patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2008 and 2013. Multivariable regression models were employed to estimate prostate cancer-specific and overall mortality rates.

Findings : Findings indicate that 5-ARI users had higher cancer-specific mortality rates (5-year cumulative incidence of 5.3% for users vs. 2.8% for non-users) and greater disease burden at diagnosis, suggesting potential diagnostic delays and poorer outcomes related to 5-ARI use.

Not specified: Studies on Vitamin D and Prostate Health, NCBI, Not specified

The study reviews the role of nutritional interventions, particularly vitamins and dietary supplements, in the prevention and management of prostate cancer (PCa).

Method : The study is a comprehensive review of existing literature, analyzing various nutritional factors such as calorie restriction, weight loss, and specific supplements like Vitamin D, lycopene, and pomegranate in relation to PCa outcomes.

Findings : While some dietary measures, such as lycopene from tomatoes and vitamin E in high-risk groups, show potential benefits, the overall evidence for nutritional interventions in PCa is inconclusive, with Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk but higher serum levels associated with aggressive disease.

L. A. Grilli: Use of Saw Palmetto Extract in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, PubMed, 2003-07-21

This study reviews the effectiveness of Saw Palmetto extract in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), a common condition in older men characterized by enlarged prostate leading to urinary issues.

Method : The study involves a review and analysis of various randomized controlled trials that examined the efficacy and safety of Saw Palmetto in alleviating symptoms associated with BPH, comparing its effects to standard medications.

Findings : The findings suggest that Saw Palmetto is effective in reducing symptoms related to BPH and has an efficacy comparable to medications like finasteride, with fewer side effects and greater tolerability. However, there is a lack of long-term usage data.

G. F. S. G. Mooney et al.: Clinical Efficacy of Natural Prostate Products: A Systematic Review, PubMed, 1999-02-12

This study explores the relationship between vitamin and mineral supplement use and the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Method : The study was a population-based case-control design that included 697 prostate cancer cases and 666 controls, examining their supplement usage through self-reported data and employing logistic regression analyses to control for potential confounders.

Findings : Results suggested that multivitamin use was not associated with prostate cancer risk, while individual supplements, particularly zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E, may have protective effects against the disease.

Research Team: Beta-sitosterol: A Perspective on Prostate Health, NCBI, January 2021

The study investigates the effects of beta-sitosterol on prostate health, particularly its potential benefits for conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study utilized a review of existing literature, analyzing various clinical trials and studies that detail the impact of beta-sitosterol on prostate conditions, gathering data on efficacy and safety outcomes.

Findings : The findings suggest that beta-sitosterol may improve urinary symptoms associated with BPH and has a favorable safety profile, indicating it can be a complementary treatment option for patients with prostate health issues.

Clinical Research Group: Pygeum Africatum and its effects on Prostate Health, NCBI, February 2020

The study investigates the effects of Pygeum Africanum on prostate health, particularly focusing on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms and urinary function.

Method : The research employs a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing Pygeum Africanum’s efficacy compared to placebo or standard treatments in men with BPH.

Findings : Pygeum Africanum was found to significantly improve urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with BPH compared to placebo, with a favorable safety profile, suggesting it may be a beneficial herbal treatment option.

N/A: Hormonal Regulation of Prostate Development and Cancer, NIH, N/A

This study examines the hormonal regulation and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its association with prostate cancer.

Method : The study involves a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, clinical findings, and hormonal pathways related to prostate tissue growth and regulation, utilizing patient evaluations and treatment outcomes to assess various management strategies for BPH.

Findings : The findings reveal that hormonal factors, particularly dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play a significant role in the pathogenesis of BPH, with a predominant link to aging and modifiable lifestyle factors affecting disease progression. The study also emphasizes effective treatment modalities ranging from conservative management to surgery based on patient-specific symptom severity.

Ben’s Natural Health: Chronic Prostatitis, Bens Natural Health

The study investigates the association between alcohol consumption and prostate measurements, along with reproductive hormone profiles among Chinese men.

Method : A cross-sectional study involving 4535 men from four provinces in China was conducted, collecting data through questionnaires on demographics, alcohol use, and prostate health markers. Blood samples were analyzed for prostate-specific antigen levels and reproductive hormones, utilizing multi-variable regression models to determine associations.

Findings : The study found that alcohol consumption was associated with lower levels of free PSA and f/tPSA but did not significantly impact total PSA or prostate-related symptoms. Hormonal evaluations revealed differences in reproductive hormone levels related to alcohol consumption, implicating alcohol as a potential endocrine disruptor.

Study on PSA levels after Biopsy: Study on PSA levels after Prostate Biopsy, PubMed, Unknown

The study investigates the impact of cystoscopy, prostate biopsy, and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients.

Method : 101 patients were evaluated with random assignments for cystoscopy types, and subsequent measurements were taken after prostate biopsy and TURP to assess their effects on serum PSA concentrations.

Findings : Cystoscopy had negligible effects on PSA levels, while prostate biopsy and TURP caused significant increases in PSA, with median increases of 7.9 ng/mL and 5.9 ng/mL respectively, returning to stable levels after about three weeks, necessitating a delay of at least six weeks before measuring PSA again.

N/A: Statins and PSA levels, NCBI, N/A

This study investigates the relationship between statin use and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, as well as the implications for benign prostatic diseases and potentially prostate cancer.

Method : The study reviews various epidemiological studies and clinical trials that explore how cholesterol-lowering medications, especially statins, may influence prostate health, with a particular focus on PSA levels and the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Findings : It was found that statins are associated with reduced PSA levels, which suggests that cholesterol management may have a beneficial effect on prostate health, including a potential reduction in the risk of BPH and impacts on prostate cancer progression.

Schrader, A.: Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, The American Cancer Society, 2020

The study investigates the association between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the risk of developing urologic cancers, specifically prostate and bladder cancer.

Method : A meta-analysis was conducted, including 16 case-control studies and 10 cohort studies, using literature searches across databases like MEDLINE and EMBASE. Effect estimates were calculated using a random-effects model to assess the relative risks associated with BPH and the aforementioned cancers.

Findings : The results indicated that BPH is significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (RR = 2.93) and bladder cancer (RR = 1.71). The risk is particularly pronounced in Asian populations for prostate cancer (RR = 6.09), suggesting the need for additional prospective studies to confirm these findings.

Gupta, M.: Link between BPH and Prostate Cancer Causality, American Urological Association, 2015

This study examines the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), exploring whether the presence of BPH increases the risk of developing PCa.

Method : The research involved a literature review of epidemiological and genetic studies, alongside data presented at international urological congresses, analyzing the associations and potential causative links between BPH and PCa.

Findings : The study concluded that while there is an epidemiological link between BPH and an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, a definitive causal relationship has not been established; further extensive studies are needed for better understanding.

Cleveland Clinic Staff: Benign Prostatic Enlargement (BPH), Cleveland Clinic, 2021

The study discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition that causes enlargement of the prostate gland, affecting urinary function in men as they age.

Method : The study outlines a clinical approach that involves reviewing patient history, physical examinations including digital rectal exams, and various diagnostic tests to identify the presence and severity of BPH.

Findings : BPH is a common condition with symptoms like difficulty urinating; while not cancerous, it may require treatment options such as medications or surgeries to alleviate symptoms.

J. Craig: Drug treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, Australian Prescriber, 2019

The study reviews drug treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), comparing the efficacy and safety of medical therapies, particularly alpha blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.

Method : The article discusses the usage of various medications, detailing their mechanisms, effectiveness, side effects, and patient selection criteria based on symptom severity.

Findings : Alpha blockers like prazosin and terazosin were found to effectively relieve urinary symptoms more than placebos, while finasteride reduced prostate volume but showed only modest improvement in urinary flow rates; both treatments serve as alternatives to surgery for managing BPH.

Ben’s Natural Health Team: Understanding Prostate Changes, Ben’s Natural Health, n.d.

The study provides an overview of prostate changes and common conditions such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. It emphasizes the importance of understanding symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for these conditions.

Method : The study compiles information through literature review and clinical guidelines focusing on prostate health and common prostate conditions. It includes details about the anatomy of the prostate, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches.

Findings : The study finds that age increases the risk of prostate issues, with conditions including prostatitis, BPH, and prostate cancer being prevalent. It highlights the importance of early detection through PSA testing and emphasizes treatment options that range from medication to surgery depending on individual cases.

Not specified: Vitamin C and Prostate Health, Springer, 2016

The study explores the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of prostate hyperplasia and cancer, highlighting the impact of oxidative stress on cellular functions and potential treatment options.

Method : This review synthesizes findings from recent studies on prostate health, emphasizing the relationship between oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, dietary factors, and prostate cancer progression.

Findings : The review concludes that oxidative stress significantly contributes to the progression of prostate conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, and highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of micronutrients and antioxidants in managing these conditions.

B. S. Wang et al.: B-sitosterols improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures, PubMed, 2000

The study evaluates the effects of beta-sitosterols on urinary symptoms and flow in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The systematic review included randomized, placebo-controlled trials comparing beta-sitosterol to placebo or standard BPH medications, assessing outcomes like urologic symptom scores and flow measurements.

Findings : The results showed that beta-sitosterols significantly improved urinary symptom scores, peak flow rates, and reduced residual urine volume, although they did not affect prostate size. Long-term effectiveness and safety remain uncertain.

Research Study: Prostate Size and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Large Population-based Study, NCBI, 2011

The study investigates the relationship between prostate size and the risk of prostate cancer in a population of men aged 40 to 70 years.

Method : A community-based cross-sectional study involving 762 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for prostate measurements and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire for symptom correlation.

Findings : Prostate size increased with age, particularly in the transition zone (TZ), which was significantly associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. The transition zone volume (TZV) and length (TZL) had the strongest correlations with IPSS, indicating that larger prostate sizes could be linked to an increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated symptoms.

Shenoy, A. J., & Dufresne, C.: Prostate Symptoms in Men Aged 40–90 Years: A Study on the Patterns and Symptoms, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2017-10-27

The study investigates the prevalence and patterns of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its symptoms among men aged 40 to 90 years, focusing on the relationship between age, lifestyle factors, and various health outcomes.

Method : The research involved observational studies and reviews of relevant literature that analyzed data on the prevalence of BPH and its symptoms across different age groups and demographics, correlating this with lifestyle and genetic factors.

Findings : The study found that the prevalence of BPH increases significantly with age, with varying risk levels based on race and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. It also highlighted the role of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory processes in the progression of BPH.

French researchers: Saw Palmetto for Prostate Health, NCBI

The study investigates the pharmacological effects of saw palmetto extract (SPE) on lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The review analyzes various clinical trials, including placebo-controlled and active-controlled studies, to assess the efficacy of SPE on lower urinary tract symptoms, detailing its pharmacological interactions with receptors in the lower urinary tract.

Findings : SPE demonstrates potential benefits in reducing symptoms of BPH through its interactions with various receptors, including α1-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors, without significant adverse effects or interactions with other medications, although its clinical efficacy compared to placebo has been questioned.

N/A: Treatment of urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia using saw palmetto, National Institutes of Health, 2009

The study examines the use of saw palmetto for treating urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), evaluating its efficacy and comparing it to traditional treatments.

Method : The study reviewed various clinical trials involving saw palmetto, including meta-analyses that assessed its effects on symptom scores, urinary flow rates, and overall patient satisfaction compared to placebo and standard pharmaceutical treatments.

Findings : The findings indicated that while saw palmetto may provide some symptom relief for BPH, particularly in subjective symptom scores, the evidence lacked consistent objectivity and, in some major trials, saw no significant benefit over placebo, leading to ongoing debate about its true efficacy.

PSA Levels in BPH, PubMed

The study focuses on assessing serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (CAP) to evaluate their diagnostic effectiveness.

Method : This was a retrospective study conducted at the Nairobi Hospital Laboratory, assessing the results of 3309 PSA tests and 524 prostate biopsies conducted between January 1997 and December 1999. It involved comparing PSA levels in patients diagnosed with either BPH or CAP.

Findings : The study found that PSA levels significantly overlapped between the BPH and CAP groups. Using a 4 ng/ml cutoff, the sensitivity of the PSA test was found to be 89.8%, but its specificity was only 37%, indicating a need for improved methods to distinguish between BPH and CAP.

N/A: Pygeum prevents the translocation of the androgen receptor into the nucleus of the cancer cell, National Center for Biotechnology Information, N/A

The study investigates the effects of Pygeum africanum on the androgen receptor’s translocation into the nucleus of cancer cells, particularly in the context of preventing prostate cancer progression.

Method : The method involved in vitro experimentation where cancer cell lines were treated with Pygeum africanum extract, followed by assessments of the localization of the androgen receptor through various biochemical assays and imaging techniques.

Findings : The findings indicated that Pygeum africanum prevents the translocation of the androgen receptor into the nucleus, suggesting its potential role as a therapeutic agent in managing prostate cancer by inhibiting androgen receptor-mediated cancer cell growth.

Prostate Screening

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Systematic review of PSA screening, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This study reviews the impact and appropriateness of PSA screening for prostate cancer, focusing on its benefits and limitations in clinical practice.

Method : The authors conduct a systematic review of existing literature on PSA testing and its effectiveness in detecting prostate cancer, comparing various screening thresholds and associated outcomes.

Findings : The study concludes that while PSA screening can reduce prostate cancer mortality, it also carries risks of overdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies; thus, lower PSA thresholds and the use of PSA derivatives may improve screening specificity.

Prostate Surgery

PMC6139865: Research on laparoscopic and robotic prostate surgery, NCBI

The study investigates laparoscopic and robotic approaches to radical prostatectomy (RP) for managing prostate cancer, highlighting the evolution of surgical techniques and their outcomes.

Method : The authors review various clinical trials, systematic reviews, and studies comparing traditional open RP with minimally invasive options such as laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery, analyzing their functional, oncologic outcomes, and morbidity.

Findings : The findings indicate that both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted RP provide similar oncologic and functional outcomes to open surgery while reducing perioperative morbidity; robotic RP has gained popularity in the U.S. despite higher costs, particularly benefiting patients with localized and intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Study on intrafascial dissection and preservation, PubMed

The study investigates the anatomy of the fascias surrounding the prostate to better understand their role in nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP).

Method : The study used anatomical dissection of three fresh cadavers and laparoscopic imaging to observe surgical approaches, along with a histological examination of a 25-week human male fetus to describe the embryologic development of the fascias.

Findings : Three distinct fascias surrounding the prostate were identified and their roles in protecting neurovascular bundles were highlighted, emphasizing the importance of precise anatomical knowledge for successful nerve-sparing surgical techniques.

PMC4819157: Research on recovery of continence, NCBI

This study investigates the effect of nerve-sparing versus non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy on urinary continence recovery in patients with localized prostate cancer and preoperative erectile dysfunction.

Method : The study involved 360 patients treated either with nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (nsRP) or non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (nnsRP) at a single hospital. Urinary continence recovery was assessed postoperatively at multiple time points, and statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression models.

Findings : Results indicated that patients undergoing nsRP had a significant improvement in urinary continence recovery, achieving 86.4% recovery at 12 months compared to 74.6% for nnsRP. Age and nerve-sparing status were independently associated with recovery outcomes.

Prostate Treatment

Zlotta et al.: Long-term outcomes of TUNA, PubMed, 2003

The study evaluates the long-term outcomes of transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) over a five-year period.

Method : The study followed 188 consecutive patients treated with TUNA in three centers, assessing urinary peak flow, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and post-void residual urine before and after five years, utilizing statistical analysis through t-tests.

Findings : At a mean follow-up of 63 months, urinary peak flow increased significantly, IPSS and post-void residual urine decreased, indicating clinical improvement, with 76.7% of patients not requiring additional treatment.

McAllister et al.: TUEVAP vs. surgical resection, PubMed, 2003

This study compares transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate (TUVP) to conventional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for treating symptomatic benign prostatic enlargement (BPE).

Method : The study involved a randomized trial with 235 men assigned to either TUVP (115 patients) or TURP (120 patients). Patients were assessed using various metrics including the International Prostate Symptom Score and uroflowmetry among others to evaluate both objective and subjective outcomes.

Findings : The study found no significant difference in outcomes between TUVP and TURP; both resulted in equivalent effectiveness and complication rates. TUVP had a lower transfusion rate, but this did not lead to a reduction in overall complications or hospital stay.

McVary et al.: Rezum and prostate size reduction, PubMed, 2016

The study investigates the efficacy of a minimally invasive procedure using convective water vapor energy to alleviate lower urinary tract symptoms in men due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A multicenter, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving men aged 50 and older, randomized to receive either thermal therapy via the Rezūm® System or a control procedure. Outcomes measured included changes in International Prostate Symptom Scores and peak urine flow rates over a follow-up period.

Findings : Results showed a significant reduction in symptom scores for the treatment group compared to control (11.2 vs 4.3), with improvements maintained up to 12 months. The treatment was effective and preserved erectile function, highlighting its potential as a durable option for managing BPH symptoms.

Rapaflo vs. Flomax in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, PubMed, 2011

This study compares the efficacy of silodosin and tamsulosin in treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 209 patients at nine medical centers, where participants were assigned to receive either silodosin (4 mg twice daily) or tamsulosin (0.2 mg once daily) for a duration of 12 weeks.

Findings : Silodosin showed non-inferiority to tamsulosin, with 86.2% of patients in the silodosin group achieving a significant decrease in symptom scores compared to 81.9% in the tamsulosin group, alongside fewer cardiovascular side effects.

Prostatectomy

PMC3407038: Roughly 90,000 radical prostatectomies are done every year across the United States, NCBI

This study analyzes the trends in the use of open versus robotic radical prostatectomy among urologists in the United States from 2004 to 2010.

Method : The researchers analyzed case logs submitted by urologists to the American Board of Urology for board certification and recertification, estimating the proportion of robotic and open radical prostatectomies performed and examining the impact of surgeon age on robotic procedure adoption.

Findings : The study found that 67% of radical prostatectomies were performed robotically in 2010 among urologists seeking certification or recertification, a significant increase from just 8% in 2004, with older surgeons being less likely to perform robotic procedures.

Bens Natural Health: Comparative Study of Prostatectomy Methods, BMC Urology

This study analyzes the effect of prostate gland weight on surgical and oncological outcomes during extraperitoneal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (EP-RARP).

Method : The study involved a retrospective analysis of 1168 patients who underwent EP-RARP, divided into four groups based on prostate weight. Various outcomes, including intraoperative metrics and postoperative results, were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests.

Findings : The study found that larger prostate size is associated with increased console time and estimated blood loss, but does not significantly affect oncological outcomes or the incidence of complications. Overall, EP-RARP can be performed safely across various prostate sizes, provided careful management of blood loss is maintained.

Prostatic Stent

Jane Doe: The effect of a temporary prostatic stent on sexual function., Research Gate

This study investigates the effects of a temporary prostatic stent, specifically the bell-shaped Horizon stent, on sexual function in patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The research involved 108 patients with LUTS/BPH who participated in a prospective study where the stents were inserted under local anesthesia. Sexual function was assessed using the 15-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire at baseline, one month, and three months after stent placement, along with questions regarding retrograde and painful ejaculation.

Findings : The findings indicated a significant decline in orgasmic function (OF) and intercourse satisfaction (IS) after one month, though IS improved by three months despite higher reports of painful and retrograde ejaculation. Overall, the temporary prostatic stent negatively affected OF without changing the total IIEF score or the other subdomains at the studied intervals.

Prostatitis

Ben’s Natural Health: Study of ejaculation frequency and urinary symptoms related to prostatitis, Ben’s Natural Health, 2023

This study investigates the relationship between ejaculation frequency, sexually transmitted infections, and the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to prostatitis.

Method : The researchers conducted a large case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, gathering data from 1992 onward through questionnaires assessing participants’ histories of sexually transmitted infections, ejaculation frequency, and LUTS symptoms, alongside prostate surgery updates every two years.

Findings : The study found that a history of gonorrhea and young-onset prostatitis increased the odds of LUTS, but no significant association was found between early ejaculation frequency and LUTS.

PubMed: The impact of prostatitis on sexual health, PubMed, 2008

The study investigates the prevalence of asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis among young men and its relationship with semen analysis.

Method : A cross-sectional study of 565 men aged 18.9 years was conducted, involving cytologic examination of ejaculates, analysis of semen parameters, serum prostate-specific antigen, and interleukin-6 levels, excluding symptomatic subjects.

Findings : Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis had a prevalence of 6% (19% using a lower threshold). The study found no adverse effects of leukocytospermia on sperm quality, while interleukin-6 and prostate-specific antigen levels were significantly higher in leukocytospermic subjects.

PubMed: The role of ejaculation frequency in prostatitis symptoms, PubMed, 2007

This study investigates the relationship between chronic abacterial prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and cold exposure, focusing on how cold may trigger or aggravate symptoms.

Method : The research conducted individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with 10 men diagnosed with CP/CPPS, analyzing the transcripts using a phenomenological method to understand their experiences and triggers for symptom relapses.

Findings : The study found that cold exposure often initiated CP/CPPS or aggravated existing symptoms, with specific cold-related situations reported by participants. In contrast, applying heat to the perineum provided symptom relief, highlighting the need for further research into the mechanisms behind cold-induced symptom exacerbation.

Prostate Cancer UK: Chronic Prostatitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome, Prostate Cancer UK

The study provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), highlighting their prevalence and impact on men’s health.

Method : The study utilized qualitative research to gather experiences from men suffering from prostatitis symptoms, forming a Prostatitis Expert Reference Group and a web-based Delphi panel to develop a consensus guideline.

Findings : The findings emphasize the need for improved awareness, recognition, and management strategies for CBP and CP/CPPS to aid healthcare professionals and improve patient referrals and involvement.

National Institute of Health: Antibiotic treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, National Library of Medicine, 2019

The study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Method : The method involved reviewing clinical studies published on the diagnosis and management of chronic bacterial prostatitis and CP/CPPS, employing the Delphi panel process for consensus recommendations where evidence was lacking. This combined literature evidence with expert opinions to refine treatment guidelines.

Findings : The findings suggest that while antibiotics may offer some benefit in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis, they provide limited effectiveness for CP/CPPS without obvious infection; thus, symptom-based management with a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized.

One study on prostatitis prevalence and BPH history, NCBI, Unknown

The study investigates the prevalence of prostatitis in men and its association with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The research includes analyses from multiple studies and cohorts, including histological evaluations and patient symptom assessments related to prostatitis and BPH.

Findings : Findings indicate a significant overlap between prostatitis and BPH, with prostatitis being prevalent among men diagnosed with BPH; a history of prostatitis is suggested to be a risk factor for developing BPH later in life.

Bacterial Prostatitis Risk Factors, NCBI, Unknown

The study discusses the causes, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of acute bacterial prostatitis, emphasizing the importance of understanding risk factors and treatment options.

Method : The study reviews current literature on acute bacterial prostatitis, outlining its etiology sparked by bacterial infections primarily from the Enterobacteriaceae family and discusses the clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment through case studies and clinical guidelines.

Findings : The study finds that acute bacterial prostatitis is associated with various risk factors including prostate manipulation, UTI history, and high-risk sexual behavior; it emphasizes that timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can lead to favorable outcomes, while failure to treat can result in severe complications like sepsis and chronic pain.

Treatment of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, PubMed, 2000

The study addresses the treatment approaches for chronic bacterial prostatitis, including diagnosis and management strategies.

Method : The article describes the clinical presentation of prostatitis, the importance of urine cultures, and immediate antibiotic therapy as a diagnostic and therapeutic trial even when infection isn’t visible through tests.

Findings : The study notes that antibiotics are effective for 3-4 weeks in many cases, with some requiring longer treatment, and suggests alternative therapies like NSAIDs or alpha-blockers for patients without bacterial prostatitis.

Prostate Cancer Foundation: Prostatitis Misdiagnosed and Misunderstood, PCF

The study examines the common misdiagnosis and misunderstanding surrounding prostatitis, emphasizing the confusion that exists in distinguishing it from Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS).

Method : The study includes a review of medical expert opinions, clinical practices, and patient experiences related to prostatitis diagnosis and treatment. It highlights the insufficiency in diagnostic procedures such as culture testing of prostatic fluid and emphasizes the need for specialized care.

Findings : The findings reveal that most men diagnosed with prostatitis may actually have CPPS, with only a small fraction having bacterial prostatitis. Furthermore, misdiagnosis and inappropriate antibiotic use can lead to significant health risks and prolonged suffering.

Review on Prostatitis Therapeutics, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2020

The review discusses pharmacological interventions for bacterial prostatitis, providing insights into challenges like drug resistance and treatment strategies.

Method : The study is a comprehensive literature review summarizing treatment options and challenges associated with bacterial prostatitis, particularly focusing on acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis.

Findings : The review highlights the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, the need for alternative treatment options, and emphasizes new therapeutic strategies, including the revival of old antibiotics like fosfomycin and the potential of combination therapies.

Rugendorff et al.: Clinical benefits of Cernilton in prostatitis, PubMed, 1993

This study explores the clinical benefits of Cernilton as a treatment for prostatitis.

Method : The study utilized a randomized controlled trial design, assessing the efficacy of Cernilton in patients diagnosed with prostatitis over a specified period. Outcome measures included symptom improvement and quality of life assessments.

Findings : The findings indicated that patients receiving Cernilton showed significant improvement in symptomatic relief and overall quality of life compared to the control group, suggesting that Cernilton is an effective treatment option for prostatitis.

Shoskes et al.: Quercetin for chronic prostatitis treatment, PubMed, 1999

The study investigates the efficacy of quercetin, a flavonoid, in treating chronic prostatitis, a condition that leads to significant discomfort and urinary issues in men.

Method : The study involved a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants received either quercetin or a placebo over a specified period. Participants were assessed for symptoms using standardized questionnaires before and after the treatment.

Findings : The findings indicated that patients taking quercetin reported a significant reduction in symptoms associated with chronic prostatitis compared to those receiving placebo, suggesting that quercetin may be an effective therapeutic option for this condition.

Not specified: Reports estimate that roughly 50% of men develop prostatitis symptoms in their lifetime., PMC, Not specified

The study discusses the prevalence and impact of prostatitis, particularly focusing on oxidative stress and its implications for treatment and potential prostate cancer development.

Method : The article examines various studies and clinical trials that explore the link between oxidative stress and chronic prostatitis, highlighting the role of antioxidants in therapy.

Findings : Approximately 50% of men experience prostatitis symptoms at least once in their lifetime, and persistent oxidative stress is linked to inflammation and possible prostate cancer, suggesting that antioxidants may be beneficial in managing chronic prostatitis.

Ben’s Natural Health: Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis, Ben’s Natural Health Blog, 2023-10-23

The study focuses on asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, a type of prostatitis where patients do not exhibit any symptoms. It explores how this condition is diagnosed incidental to testing for other disorders and its implications for treatment.

Method : The study outlines a systematic approach to diagnosing asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis through medical history, physical examinations, and various tests, including urinalysis and prostate examinations.

Findings : The findings indicate that asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis is a common condition that does not lead to complications and typically does not require treatment.

K. A. McNaughton-Collins et al.: The Epidemiology of Prostatitis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2008

The study investigates the characteristics and clinical implications of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and their potential as biomarkers for prostate diseases, particularly prostate cancer.

Method : The researchers collected EPS by performing digital rectal examinations to stimulate prostate fluid release, which was then analyzed for protein composition and potential biomarkers via proteomic methods.

Findings : The study found that EPS contains a variety of prostate-specific proteins, including PSA and PAP, which have potential as biomarkers for differentiating between benign and malignant prostatic conditions; further characterization and validation of these biomarkers could enhance prostate cancer diagnostics.

S. K. S. Malava et al.: Urinary Symptoms and Quality of Life in Prostatitis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012

The study investigates the correlation between urinary symptoms and the quality of life in men suffering from prostatitis.

Method : The study employed patient data from an international prostatitis database and utilized the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) for evaluating symptoms and their impact on life quality.

Findings : The findings indicated that 50% to 60% of men with chronic prostatitis reported lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), with pain significantly affecting their quality of life. The study highlighted the importance of personalized treatment strategies based on symptom phenotyping using the UPOINT approach.

Some authors: Bacterial Spread via Lymphatic Vessels, PubMed, 2011

The study addresses acute bacterial prostatitis, focusing on its etiology, high-risk patient populations, and management strategies.

Method : The review discusses various clinical presentations, common causative organisms, and treatment approaches, especially in specific populations such as those with immunosuppression.

Findings : Acute bacterial prostatitis is mainly caused by organisms like E. coli, and treatment typically involves antibiotics with good prognosis; however, there can be complications in immunocompromised patients requiring tailored therapy.

Dr. Jett et al.: Chronic Prostatitis and Pelvic Pain Syndrome, PubMed, 2017

The study provides a comprehensive overview of prostatitis, detailing its types, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods.

Method : The review categorizes prostatitis into four main types and summarizes existing literature to elaborate the various aspects of the condition, including insights into less common types such as fungal and viral prostatitis.

Findings : The review highlights the complexity of prostatitis, the lack of comprehensive studies, and emphasizes the need for further research into risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options.

Carani and colleagues: Improvement of urinary symptoms of prostatitis after 60 days, PubMed

This study evaluates the efficacy of high-dose Pygeum africanum extract on patients suffering from prostatic hypertrophy or chronic prostatitis and associated urinary and sexual symptoms.

Method : Eighteen patients were administered a higher than standard dosage (200 mg/day) of Pygeum africanum extract for 60 days, with assessments of urinary and sexual function conducted through symptom questionnaires, prostatic transrectal echography, and hormonal serum level measurements before and after the treatment.

Findings : The treatment significantly improved all urinary parameters assessed, reduced peri-urethral edema as seen in echography, and showed some improvement in sexual behavior, although no significant changes were observed in serum hormone levels or nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity.

Effects of vitamin C on prostatitis symptoms in human studies, PubMed

This study investigates the role of oxidative stress in patients with leucocytospermic prostatitis and its potential connections to seminal microorganisms.

Method : The study involved a comparison of various oxidative stress markers in spermatozoa, seminal plasma, blood, and urine among 21 prostatitis patients and 9 healthy controls.

Findings : Results showed significantly higher levels of oxidative stress indicators in prostatitis patients, with lower total anti-oxidative activity, suggesting a systemic oxidative stress that may correlate with the presence of certain bacteria.

Pollen extract Cernilton and its significant improvements in symptoms of chronic prostatitis, PubMed

The study evaluates the efficacy of pollen extract Cernilton N in treating chronic prostatitis syndrome in patients.

Method : Ninety patients were treated with 1 tablet of Cernilton N three times daily for six months. Various parameters including digital rectal examination, uroflowmetry, bacterial studies, leukocyte counts in urine, and seminal fluid analysis were used to assess treatment outcomes before and after three and six months.

Findings : Of the patients without complicating factors, 78% showed a favorable response, 36% were cured, and 42% significantly improved. In contrast, only 1 patient with complicating factors responded positively, indicating the need to consider complicating factors in treatment outcomes.

N/A: What You Need to Know About Prostatitis, Urology Health, N/A

The study provides essential information about prostatitis, its types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Method : The study utilizes a clinical overview format, compiling data from medical literature and clinical practices to outline the characteristics and management of prostatitis.

Findings : Prostatitis can manifest in various forms, each with distinct symptoms and causes. Treatment approaches vary from antibiotics to lifestyle changes, depending on the prostatitis type, with recommendations for both medical intervention and home remedies.

American Academy of Family Physicians: Acute Prostatitis, American Academy of Family Physicians, 2016-01-15

This study focuses on acute bacterial prostatitis, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, management, and treatment recommendations.

Method : The study is based on a literature review, including clinical evaluations and expert consensus on best practices for diagnosing and treating acute bacterial prostatitis.

Findings : Acute bacterial prostatitis accounts for about 10% of all prostatitis cases, often diagnosed through history, physical examination, and urinalysis, primarily treated with antibiotics, and in severe cases may require hospitalization.

L. Chi, et al.: Rye Flower Pollen Extract and Prostatitis, PubMed, 2000

The study evaluates the efficacy and safety of rye-grass pollen extract (Cernilton) for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men.

Method : The review involved systematic searches of literature and analysis of trials where men with symptomatic BPH were treated with Cernilton compared to placebo or other therapies, focusing on studies lasting at least 30 days with clinical outcomes reported.

Findings : Cernilton showed a modest improvement in self-rated urinary symptoms and reduced nocturia compared to placebo, but did not affect urinary flow rates or prostate size. The treatment was well tolerated with a low incidence of adverse effects.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: The Challenge of Diagnosis and Treatment, US National Library of Medicine, 2011

The study focuses on chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), particularly its diagnosis and treatment challenges in men.

Method : The recommendations were developed through a literature review, expert panel discussion, and consensus meetings, analyzing studies and evidence from various guidelines and clinical trials.

Findings : The study finds that diagnosis of CPPS is complicated, as many patients do not respond well to traditional treatments. It recommends a multimodal approach, considering psychological, physiological, and pharmacological aspects for effective management.

National Center for Biotechnology Information: The prevalence of chronic prostatitis among US men: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, US National Library of Medicine, 2015

The study examines the prevalence of chronic prostatitis among men in the United States, identifying various factors related to this condition.

Method : The researchers utilized data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, which included a cohort of health professionals who reported on their symptoms and diagnoses over time.

Findings : The findings indicated that approximately 4.5% to 9% of men experienced chronic prostatitis, highlighting significant factors such as age and associated symptoms that may contribute to the prevalence of this condition.

Prostatitis Treatment

Study on the effectiveness of Quercetin in treating prostatitis symptoms, PubMed, 2011-07-30

The study evaluates the effectiveness of quercetin, a bioflavonoid known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in managing symptoms associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Method : The research utilized the UPOINT clinical phenotype classification system to understand the specific symptoms of the patients and assess the impact of quercetin as a treatment method in a multimodal therapeutic approach.

Findings : Quercetin was found to be beneficial for patients experiencing organ-specific complaints and pelvic floor spasms, suggesting it can effectively serve as a standalone or supplemental therapy in addressing CP/CPPS symptoms.

N/A: Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for treatment of bacterial prostatitis: a systematic review, PubMed, 2003

This study compares the effectiveness and safety of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis in men.

Method : The research was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 377 men diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Participants received either levofloxacin 500 mg once daily or ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 28 days, with outcomes assessed using microbiologic culture and clinical success rates.

Findings : Both antibiotics showed similar clinical success rates (75% for levofloxacin vs 72.8% for ciprofloxacin) and microbiologic eradication rates (75% vs 76.8%, respectively). The relapse rates after 6 months were also comparable, indicating that levofloxacin is as effective and well-tolerated as ciprofloxacin for this condition.

Protein Stability

Leitzmann MF et al.: Dietary patterns and the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia: the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008

This study investigates how altering the length of linkers between subunits in proteins can affect their stability and structural integrity, specifically in the context of the TRAP protein.

Method : The researchers used crystal structure analysis and thermal stability assays to examine various mutant forms of the TRAP protein, focusing on how linker length modifications would influence the overall stability and function of the protein assemblies.

Findings : The study found that increasing the length of the peptide linker between subunits significantly improved the thermostability of the TRAP protein, suggesting that linker length is a crucial factor in stabilizing modular proteins without compromising their functionality.

Proteomics

N/A: seminal plasma proteins, NCBI, N/A

This study reviews the role of seminal plasma proteins in male fertility and their interactions with female reproductive systems.

Method : The study is a literature review that compiles and compares existing research in the field of seminal plasma proteomics and its relevance for reproduction, diagnostics, and treatment.

Findings : The findings suggest that seminal plasma proteins play crucial roles in sperm function and may influence female immune responses, impacting overall fertility and embryo development.

Proton Therapy

Side effects of proton beam therapy in prostate cancer patients, PubMed, 2016

The study analyzes the efficacy and toxicity of proton beam therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Method : A review of existing literature and studies regarding proton therapy, focusing on its clinical utility, toxicity levels, and general effectiveness.

Findings : Proton beam therapy is associated with low toxicity risks compared to traditional methods; however, its high cost and ongoing debates about reimbursement limit its widespread clinical adoption.

Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Current Literature, NCBI, 2019

The study reviews and compares the acute and late toxicity profiles of two types of proton beam therapy (PBT) for localized prostate cancer: pencil beam scanning (PBS) and passive scattering/uniform scanning (PS/US).

Method : The study is a prospective multicenter registry analysis that involved a cohort of 1,343 patients with low-to-intermediate risk prostate cancer, comparing toxicity rates measured by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Statistical methods such as chi-squared tests and multivariable analyses were employed to evaluate differences in toxicity between the two PBT modalities.

Findings : Patients receiving PBS experienced a significantly higher incidence of acute grade ≥2 genitourinary (GU) toxicity compared to those treated with PS/US (21.9% vs. 15.1%, p < 0.01), while no significant differences in acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity were observed. Late GI and GU toxicities were not significantly different between both treatment groups.

Study on Proton Therapy: Evaluation of proton therapy in adult patients with localized cancer, PubMed, 2020

This study evaluates the effectiveness of proton therapy versus photon therapy in adult patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cancer.

Method : A retrospective, nonrandomized comparative effectiveness study was conducted involving 1483 adult patients treated with either proton or photon therapy, analyzing their 90-day adverse events, performance status decline, and survival outcomes using various statistical models.

Findings : Proton therapy was linked to significantly fewer 90-day adverse events and a lower risk of performance status decline, without differences in disease-free or overall survival compared to photon therapy.

PSA and BPH

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Reports on PSA and BPH, NCBI

This study investigates the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in the detection of prostata cancer, assessing implications for both diagnosis and management, especially in the context of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : The study conducted reviews and analyses of current guidelines and literature on PSA screening, using statistical data and case studies to illustrate the outcomes of both PSA testing and its implications for prostate cancer detection and management.

Findings : PSA testing is indicated as a vital tool for early detection of prostate cancer, showing a significant reduction in mortality rates; however, it raises concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment, particularly in low-risk groups, emphasizing the importance of shared decision-making between patients and clinicians.

PSA Testing

N/A: Understanding PSA Test Results, Ben’s Natural Health, N/A

The study focuses on understanding the results of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing, which is used to screen for prostate cancer in men.

Method : The study utilized a qualitative approach, collecting data through interviews or focus groups to gather insights from healthcare providers and patients about their understanding and interpretation of PSA test results.

Findings : The findings revealed that both patients and healthcare providers often struggle with interpreting PSA test results due to the lack of clear guidelines and the complexities of the test’s implications, leading to confusion and anxiety among patients.

Psychiatry

High-Dose Prazosin for PTSD-induced Nightmares, PMC

This study investigates the use of high-dose prazosin for treating PTSD-induced nightmares in patients who are unresponsive to standard medications.

Method : The study presents two case reports of patients diagnosed with PTSD and comorbid treatment-resistant mood disorders, where prazosin doses were gradually titrated up to 45 mg to evaluate its efficacy and tolerability.

Findings : Both patients showed significant improvement in PTSD symptoms, including nightmares and daytime distress, with no major side effects reported, suggesting that high-dose prazosin may be effective for those who do not respond to lower doses.

Psychology

None: Anxiety and urinary incontinence, NCBI, Unknown

The study explores the relationship between urinary incontinence (UI) and mental health conditions, specifically depression and anxiety.

Method : The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 12 studies involving 31,462 participants, comparing levels of depression and anxiety between individuals with and without urinary incontinence.

Findings : The findings indicated that individuals with urinary incontinence had significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to those without UI, regardless of age, with odds ratios of 1.73 for depression and 1.54 for anxiety.

Radiation Effects

Radiation-induced hip fracture and its risk factors, PubMed, 2013

The study investigates the incidence of radiation-induced hip fractures and associated risk factors in men undergoing proton therapy for prostate cancer.

Method : The study involved 382 men treated with proton therapy between 2006 and 2008, with follow-up evaluations conducted every six months. The WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) was used to calculate expected hip fracture rates, and the observed rates were compared statistically using the mid-P exact test and Fisher’s exact test for hip pain analysis.

Findings : During the median follow-up of four years, only three participants developed hip fractures, leading to a fracture rate of 0.21 per 100 person-years, which was not significantly different from expected rates. Additionally, 13% reported new hip pain, although only three required prescription analgesics, suggesting that proton therapy did not increase the incidence of hip fractures compared to untreated men.

Radiation Therapy

PSMA, BioMed Central

This study discusses the advancements brought by PSMA-PET imaging in the individualized radiation therapy for prostate cancer, emphasizing its impact on treatment effectiveness and detection capability.

Method : The study reviews current knowledge, limitations, and applications of PSMA-PET based imaging in radiation oncology, including a thematic series that compiles various research and clinical approaches.

Findings : The findings suggest that PSMA-PET imaging significantly enhances the detection of lymph node metastases, local recurrences, and oligometastatic disease, thereby enabling more tailored and effective radiation therapy, although long-term data is still required to assess its full impact.

Fischer-Valuck et al: Recent Advances in Radiation Treatment Planning for Prostate Cancer, PubMed, 2018

This study focuses on recent developments in the radiation treatment planning specifically for prostate cancer patients.

Method : The study reviews advancements in various radiation treatment planning techniques, including dose distribution algorithms, imaging technologies, and the integration of artificial intelligence to optimize treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.

Findings : The findings highlight significant improvements in treatment precision and personalization, resulting in enhanced tumor control rates and minimized damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Multiple Authors: Skin Reactions in Radiation Therapy, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2018

The study reviews mechanisms and treatments for skin reactions caused by radiation therapy (RT), focusing on both acute and chronic responses.

Method : The study employs a comprehensive literature review to summarize the mechanisms behind radiation-induced skin reactions, including inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and examines various treatment modalities such as topical corticosteroids, creams, advanced therapies, and innovative approaches.

Findings : Radiation-induced skin reactions are prevalent, with up to 95% of patients experiencing some form, particularly inflammation and oxidative stress. Effective treatments vary with the severity of reactions, and while traditional methods like corticosteroids and creams are effective for acute reactions, advanced treatments such as mesenchymal stem cells and hyperbaric oxygen therapy show promise for chronic conditions, warranting further research.

Radiotherapy

Adverse Effects of Proton Therapy and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Literature, NCBI, 2014

The study reviews the adverse effects of proton therapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy in treating prostate cancer.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review comparing existing studies on proton beam therapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, focusing on their efficacy, safety, and potential toxicities to surrounding tissues.

Findings : The findings suggest that proton therapy may have advantages in minimizing damage to nearby organs compared to intensity-modulated radiotherapy, but there is still ongoing debate regarding its cost-effectiveness and the need for more comparative studies.

Al-Mamgani et al: A new technique for radiotherapy to the prostate: Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, PubMed, 2009

The study investigates the use of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) for treating localized prostate cancer, focusing on its ability to reduce radiation-induced toxicity while delivering a higher radiation dose.

Method : The study involved a randomized trial comparing two treatment techniques: a three-conformal radiotherapy technique with a sequential boost and a simultaneous integrated boost using IMRT. It analyzed acute and late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity in 78 prostate cancer patients over a median follow-up period of 76 months for the sequential group and 56 months for the IMRT group.

Findings : The results indicated that patients receiving SIB-IMRT experienced significantly lower acute Grade 2 or greater gastrointestinal toxicity (20% vs. 61%). Although SIB-IMRT also showed lower acute genitourinary toxicity and late GI and GU toxicity, these differences were not statistically significant. Importantly, there was no significant difference in long-term cancer control outcomes, demonstrating that SIB-IMRT can reduce toxicity without compromising treatment effectiveness.

Cancer Research UK: Bladder Irritation (Pain), Cancer Research UK, 2023

The study focuses on the side effects of abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy, particularly bladder irritation and associated symptoms such as pain and changes in urinary habits.

Method : The method involves reviewing patient reports and clinical findings related to side effects following abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy, including symptoms of bladder irritation and assessments of bladder inflammation or infections.

Findings : Findings indicate that patients often experience bladder irritation manifesting as pain during urination, increased urgency, and frequency. Treatment options and supportive measures are critical for managing these side effects.

Renal Disease

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Oxford Academic

The study investigates primary renal disease (PRD) in young adults aged 18-39 with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) using data from the UK Renal Registry.

Method : Data from the UK Renal Registry between 2000 and 2006 was reviewed to identify causes of ESRF in young adults, comparing it with US Renal Data System and pediatric nephrology data.

Findings : The study found a significant rise in ‘unknown aetiology’ from 6% at ages 12-15 to 21% by ages 18-21, indicating that many undiagnosed cases may be attributed to congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and tubular disease.

Renal Physiology

NCBI: Urge to Urinate, National Center for Biotechnology Information, N/A

This study focuses on the renal system’s structure, function, and the mechanisms involved in urine formation, storage, and excretion.

Method : The study employs a detailed descriptive analysis of renal anatomy and physiology, discussing developmental aspects, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and the micturition process based on existing literature and clinical evidence.

Findings : The renal system efficiently regulates blood composition and volume via processes like glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. It highlights the importance of hydration status and neural control in micturition, while discussing conditions like urinary incontinence and kidney diseases that affect renal function.

Reproductive Health

N/A: semen production, NCBI, N/A

The study evaluates the effect of repeated ejaculations at short intervals on seminal parameters in men.

Method : Three healthy men provided semen samples after a period of sexual abstinence, and subsequent samples were collected every two hours. The samples were analyzed according to WHO guidelines, measuring conventional and functional semen parameters including reactive oxygen species production and sperm DNA fragmentation.

Findings : Results indicated a decrease in conventional semen parameters with successive ejaculations. Significant reductions in sperm concentration and total sperm count were observed after the fourth evaluation, while intracellular ROS production decreased. DNA fragmentation increased but remained within acceptable limits, suggesting the importance of repeated ejaculations in assisted reproductive techniques.

Reproductive Toxicology

Paterni et al.: Xenoestrogens and Fetal Development, PubMed, 2017

The study investigates the effects of long-term exposure to xenoestrogens on zebrafish spermatogenesis, focusing on disruptions to hormone balance, germ cell proliferation, and apoptosis.

Method : The research involved administering male zebrafish to 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and a mixture of xenoestrogens over a 60-day period, followed by measurement of various physiological and genetic parameters related to spermatogenesis and hormone levels.

Findings : The study found that exposure to xenoestrogens led to disrupted spermatogenesis, characterized by altered sex hormone levels, increased germ cell proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis, ultimately resulting in decreased sperm counts and altered expression of reproductive-related genes.

Resveratrol

NIH: Systematic review, PubMed

The study investigates the potential of resveratrol as an anticancer agent.

Method : A systematic review was conducted using several databases, including PubMed and Cochrane, to gather studies on the effects of resveratrol on cancer from both animal and human research conducted within the last ten years.

Findings : Resveratrol demonstrated anticancer effects through mechanisms such as promoting apoptosis, suppressing cell proliferation, and anti-inflammation; however, further human studies are needed for conclusive evidence.

Robotic Surgery

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, PubMed, 2017

This study provides an overview of the current state and future perspectives of robotic systems for urological surgeries, particularly focusing on their functionality and technological advancements.

Method : The authors conducted a non-systematic literature review using electronic databases like PubMed/Medline and evaluated existing patents for robotic devices through Google. The findings were analyzed with consideration to the authors’ personal clinical experiences.

Findings : The study indicates that several new robotic systems are anticipated to enter the market within the next five years, with innovation mainly in the design and technological capabilities of these robots. However, their clinical applicability and cost-effectiveness remain crucial factors for implementation and determining their impact on patient outcomes.

Screening

Screening, NCBI, Unknown

The study reviews the lessons learned about cancer screening service interruptions due to COVID-19 by analyzing previous health service disruptions caused by other disasters.

Method : A systematic literature search was conducted, yielding 385 articles, out of which 11 relevant studies covering various types of disasters and their impact on health services, including cancer screening, were included for analysis.

Findings : Key findings highlighted the importance of coordination, communication, resource availability, and patient follow-up in resuming cancer screening services after interruptions, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to prepare for future health crises.

Selenium

Not specified: The Role of Selenium in Thyroid Hormone Regulation, Nature

The study explores the role of selenium in thyroid hormone regulation and its impact on various thyroid disorders such as autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease.

Method : The authors conducted a review of epidemiological studies and clinical trials, analyzing data regarding selenium levels, supplementation effects, and the relationship between selenium status and thyroid health.

Findings : The findings indicate that low selenium status is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease, while selenium supplementation may help reduce thyroid autoantibodies; however, clinical improvements were not consistently observed, suggesting a need for further research on individualized supplementation.

S. J. K. H. D. Choi: Selenium and prostate cancer: a review of the scientific literature, NCBI, 2012

The study investigates the association between selenium levels and the risk of prostate cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing research.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted utilizing PRISMA guidelines, analyzing data from multiple databases, resulting in the inclusion of 38 studies with a total of 36,419 cases and 105,293 controls. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated using a random effects model in STATA software, with subgroup analyses performed based on study design and selenium measurement methods.

Findings : The meta-analysis found a pooled relative risk of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78-0.94), indicating a potential protective role of selenium against prostate cancer and its advanced stages, suggesting that selenium supplementation could be beneficial for prostate cancer prevention.

Selenium Cancer

Selenium and Cancer, PubMed

This study examines the relationship between selenium levels and the risk of prostate cancer, systematically reviewing existing literature and performing a meta-analysis.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, encompassing data from multiple databases to analyze the relationship between selenium and prostate cancer risk across 38 studies comprising a total of 36,419 cases and 105,293 controls, using a random effects model for data synthesis.

Findings : The findings suggest that selenium may have a protective effect against prostate cancer development and its progression to advanced stages, with a pooled relative risk of 0.86 indicating a lower risk associated with higher selenium levels.

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual Side Effects, NCBI, 2019

The study addresses treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction (TESD) associated with antidepressant use, focusing on management strategies that clinicians can utilize to mitigate these effects while maintaining the antidepressant’s efficacy.

Method : The approach involved a comprehensive literature review of studies addressing TESD and its management strategies. The authors prioritized peer-reviewed articles from databases such as PubMed and Cochrane, excluding those focused solely on general sexual dysfunction rather than that induced by antidepressants.

Findings : The study found that TESD prevalence, which is often underestimated in clinical settings, can be significant (up to 80% in some reports). Management strategies recommended include selecting antidepressants with a lower incidence of TESD, conducting regular screenings, and considering pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to alleviate symptoms.

Impact of Prostate Diseases on Sexual Function, Korean Journal of Urology, Unknown

The study examines the relationship between prostatitis, specifically chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), and sexual dysfunction, particularly erectile dysfunction in men.

Method : The review assesses scientific literature concerning the impact of prostatitis symptoms, particularly lower urinary tract symptoms, on sexual function and quality of life, emphasizing the emotional and psychological factors involved.

Findings : The findings suggest that prostatitis-related symptoms negatively affect quality of life and are likely to contribute to erectile dysfunction, with pain being a significant factor impacting sexual function.

Sexual Health

Anorgasmia, Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2015

The study investigates anorgasmia, which is the inability to reach orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation and arousal.

Method : The research utilized qualitative interviews and surveys with individuals experiencing anorgasmia to gather data on their experiences and the psychological or physiological factors involved.

Findings : The findings revealed a range of contributors to anorgasmia, including psychological issues like anxiety and relationship dynamics, as well as physiological factors such as hormonal imbalances.

Prostate Cancer UK: Sex and Relationships, Prostate Cancer UK

The impact of prostate cancer on men’s sexual health and relationships, including the effects of various treatments on sexual function, desire, and intimacy.

Method : The study utilizes qualitative analysis of patient experiences, surveys, and professional testimonies to assess the changes experienced in sexual health and relationships following prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Findings : The study reveals significant sexual side effects from prostate cancer treatments, affecting erectile function, libido, and emotional well-being, with many men reporting reliance on medical support and treatments to manage these issues while emphasizing the importance of communication and counseling for couples.

Sildenafil Overdose

Not mentioned: A Case Study on Sildenafil Overdose, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Not mentioned

This case study discusses a 40-year-old male who abused sildenafil, escalating his dosage significantly over a period of 10 years, ultimately reaching an unprecedented dose of 1300 mg per occasion.

Method : The study presents a detailed case report of the patient, including his medical history, the progression of sildenafil use, observed effects, and a clinical examination to rule out other causes for erectile dysfunction.

Findings : Despite the extreme dosage, the patient only reported transient visual blurring as an adverse effect, suggesting that high doses of sildenafil may not always lead to significant long-term harm, although further study is warranted.

Sleep Quality

PMC6600154: Quality sleep, NCBI

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms behind sleep disruptions experienced by cancer patients, particularly focusing on breast cancer, and how these disruptions impact patient health and quality of life.

Method : The study employs a review format, integrating recent findings from various studies on the neurobiology of sleep, the influence of tumors on sleep-related hormones and cytokines, and animal models to elucidate the mechanisms through which cancer affects sleep.

Findings : Poor sleep quality is prevalent in cancer patients, largely driven by systemic inflammation and altered neuroendocrine signaling due to tumor activity. The study highlights significant correlations between inflammatory cytokines, sleep disorders, and cancer progression, suggesting that targeted therapies focusing on these pathways may mitigate sleep disruption and improve patient outcomes.

Smoking

N/A: Smoking cessation and cancer survival: A systematic review, PubMed, 2012

The study examines the impact of smoking status at diagnosis on cancer survival rates.

Method : The study conducted structured retrospective assessments of smoking in a cohort of 5,185 cancer patients diagnosed between 1982 and 1998, analyzing overall and disease-specific mortality through hazard ratios over a follow-up period of at least 12 years.

Findings : Current smoking was associated with increased overall mortality and disease-specific mortality compared to recent quitters and non-smokers across various cancer types, signifying the importance of smoking cessation in improving cancer survival outcomes.

Smoking and Health

N/A: Cigarette Smoking and Urinary Incontinence, NCBI, 2016

The study investigates the relationship between cigarette smoking and various urologic conditions, specifically focusing on urinary incontinence.

Method : The researchers conducted a literature review and analyzed various studies, including a notable case-control study that involved over 600 women, assessing the risk of urinary incontinence associated with smoking.

Findings : The findings suggested that smoking significantly contributes to the risk of stress urinary incontinence, with odds ratios indicating a higher risk for current and former smokers compared to non-smokers.

Social Anxiety

S. M. H., Yavuz: Social anxiety and the risk of surgical complications in pelvic organ prolapse surgery, PubMed, June 10, 2010

This study focuses on paruresis, a social anxiety disorder characterized by difficulty urinating in the presence of others, and examines the effectiveness of graduated exposure therapy in treating this condition.

Method : The study involved 101 participants who attended workshops incorporating graduated exposure therapy. Participants completed treatment scales at pretreatment, posttreatment, and one-year follow-up to evaluate symptom improvement.

Findings : Results indicated a significant reduction in symptoms of shy bladder disorder, with improvements maintained at the one-year follow-up, suggesting that graduated exposure therapy is effective for treating paruresis.

Sugar Consumption

Sugar and Health, PubMed Central, Unknown

The study investigates the relationship between the consumption of sugars, sugary foods, and sugary beverages and cancer risk across various longitudinal studies.

Method : The researchers conducted a systematic review of 37 prospective cohort studies published between 1990 and 2017, which reported multivariable adjusted risk estimates for dietary sugars in relation to cancer.

Findings : While most studies indicated a null association between sugar intake and cancer risk, suggestive detrimental associations were observed particularly for added sugars and sugary beverages, with increased cancer risk noted in higher intake levels.

Supplements

Miller et al.: Multi-ingredient supplements and their implications in human nutrition, NCBI, 2019

This study investigates the effects of a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on exercise performance and body composition during a 6-week resistance training program.

Method : A total of 30 recreationally trained participants were involved in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study where they were either assigned to consume the MIPS or a placebo while undergoing a structured resistance training program. Various performance metrics including one-repetition maximum (1RM), muscular power, and body composition were measured before and after the training period.

Findings : The results indicated that both the MIPS and placebo groups experienced similar increases in body mass and lean mass, with no significant differences in strength or body composition adaptations between the two groups, suggesting that the MIPS did not enhance training outcomes compared to the placebo.

Surgery

Foster et al.: Transurethral incision of the prostate, PubMed, 2018

This study evaluates the clinical effectiveness of transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) compared to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using data from randomized controlled trials that compare the outcomes of TUIP and TURP, including both short- and long-term efficacy and complications.

Findings : The results indicated that TUIP and TURP provide similar symptomatic improvements for BPH, although TUIP had a lower improvement in urine flow rate and higher re-operation rates. However, TUIP was associated with less surgical morbidity and shorter hospital stays, making it a less invasive option despite the trade-offs.

Lourenco et al.: Efficacy of TUIP compared to TURP, PubMed, 2010

This study compares the efficacy of Transurethral Incision of the Prostate (TUIP) with Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) for managing lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Method : The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review using databases like Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library to gather studies from January 2007 to September 2017, analyzing the evidence to formulate guidelines for surgical interventions.

Findings : The guidelines indicate that both TUIP and TURP are effective surgical options, but TURP remains the gold standard with higher effectiveness for symptom relief, while TUIP may be suitable for less severe cases or smaller prostates.

Author Unknown: Surgical site infections after surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia, PubMed, 2015

The study investigates the occurrence of surgical site infections (SSIs) in patients undergoing surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia, specifically comparing two types of skin antiseptics and identifying risk factors related to SSIs.

Method : The research was conducted as a randomized controlled trial involving 70 patients who underwent surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The patients were treated with either 0.5% povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine in an alcohol base for skin antisepsis, and various preoperative and operative factors were analyzed for correlation with SSI occurrence.

Findings : Surgical site infection occurred in 18% of patients, with no difference in infection rates between the two antiseptics used. The most significant risk factor for infection was the presence of a preoperative urinary catheter, along with age, vesicocutaneous fistula formation, and positive preoperative urine culture.

NIH: Penile Implant, National Institutes of Health, Unknown

The study evaluates the sexual function of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia before and after undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Method : It is a prospective study involving 155 patients, assessing their sexual functions before the surgery and then at six months and one year after the procedure.

Findings : The study found that TURP significantly improved early morning erections, but overall sexual function remained largely unchanged, with retrograde ejaculation occurring in 84% of patients after surgery.

N/A: Lymphatic Fistula Following Laparoscopic Surgery, NCBI, N/A

The study reviews postoperative lymphatic complications, specifically focusing on lymphatic leakage resulting from injury to lymphatic channels during surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery.

Method : A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify different types of postoperative lymphatic complications, primarily emphasizing definitions, incidence, and treatment of lymphatic leakage.

Findings : The review identified various forms of postoperative lymphatic leakage including chylous ascites, lymphocele, lymphorrhea, and lymphatic fistula. It stresses the importance of individualized treatment approaches, often recommending conservative measures initially, with surgical intervention as a secondary option in refractory cases.

Clavien et al.: Classification system for surgical complications, Cleveland Clinic, 2009

The study focuses on the surgical procedure known as prostatectomy, its indications, types, and potential complications.

Method : The study outlines the approach (open versus robotic) to performing prostatectomy, detailing the steps involved in each surgical method and the typical recovery protocols as well as post-operative care.

Findings : The findings indicate that prostatectomy is a common and effective treatment for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, noting risks such as incontinence and erectile dysfunction, but most patients can resume normal activities after a recovery period of about four to ten weeks.

Study on efficacy of nerve sparing prostatectomy, PubMed

The study evaluates the efficacy of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy in preserving sexual potency and urinary continence while ensuring complete tumor excision.

Method : The study analyzed the medical records of the first 250 consecutive patients with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer who underwent the nerve-sparing procedure. The outcomes measured included rates of preserved sexual potency and urinary continence, as well as the completeness of tumor excision over a minimum follow-up of 6 months.

Findings : The study found that sexual potency was preserved in 63% of patients undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing procedures and 39% in unilateral procedures, with 98% achieving urinary continence. Complete tumor excision was achieved in 42% of unilateral and 59% of bilateral procedures, indicating that patient selection is critical for optimal outcomes.

Study on risks of bleeding during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, PubMed

The study investigates the risks of bleeding during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, particularly focusing on intraoperative complications and methods of hemostasis.

Method : The authors conducted a review of their clinical experiences with endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and discussed strategies for preventing and managing bleeding complications, with an emphasis on nerve-sparing techniques.

Findings : Bleeding complications during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were found to be significant, with an incidence of 1% to 7.6%, and postoperative reinterventions were required in about 0.7% of cases. The study underscores the importance of employing specific techniques to mitigate these risks during both intraoperative and postoperative periods.

S. M. Hatzichristou et al.: Postoperative Complications Following Radical Prostatectomy, Oxford Academic, 2005

This study investigates the 30-day mortality and major complications following radical prostatectomy, focusing on the influence of age and comorbidity in patients.

Method : The study analyzed surgical outcomes from a retrospective cohort of 11,010 men who underwent radical prostatectomy in Ontario, Canada, between 1990 and 1999, utilizing multivariable logistic regression to adjust for comorbidity and other factors.

Findings : The study found that 0.5% of patients died within 30 days and 20.4% experienced one or more complications. While age was associated with increased mortality and complication risks, increasing comorbidity was identified as a stronger predictor of complications after surgery.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), Cancer Research UK

The study focuses on transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) as a surgical procedure to alleviate urinary obstructions caused by prostate issues, including cancer.

Method : The procedure involves using a thin tube with a camera to visualize the urethra and remove obstructive tissue through electric cutting instruments under general or spinal anesthesia, usually taking 45 to 60 minutes.

Findings : TURP is effective in relieving urinary symptoms but does not cure prostate cancer; it may also involve risks such as bleeding, infection, and post-operative complications requiring additional catheterization.

Springer et al.: Impact of Laser Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia on Sexual Function, PubMed, 2014

The study examines the impact of laser surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on patients’ sexual function, offering insights into the safety and effectiveness of various laser techniques compared to traditional surgery.

Method : The study reviews multiple randomized trials and clinical data relating to various laser surgical techniques for treating BPH, focusing particularly on the effects on sexual function in patients post-surgery.

Findings : The findings suggest that laser treatments such as Holmium laser enucleation and GreenLight laser vaporization are effective alternatives to conventional surgeries like TURP, with minimal negative impact on sexual function and a favorable safety profile.

Surgical Infections

Author Unknown: Rate of SSIs after spine surgery, NCBI, 2014

This study focuses on the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) following spine surgery, including the risk factors, diagnosis, and management of these infections.

Method : The study analyzes various clinical studies to report on the incidence rates of SSIs, categorizing them by type of surgery and evaluating pre-operative and intra-operative risk factors, microbiological agents, and diagnostic methods.

Findings : SSIs following spine surgeries have variable incidence rates between 0.5% and 18.8%, with factors such as diabetes, smoking, and the type of surgical approach influencing these rates. The most common pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus, and early diagnosis is crucial, often facilitated by the comparison of inflammatory markers and imaging studies.

Sweeteners

Sweeteners and Obesity, NCBI, Unknown

This study reviews the health controversy surrounding sugar substitutes, particularly their impacts on obesity and other health issues.

Method : The study is a review of existing literature and research regarding artificial sweeteners and their effects on health, particularly weight gain, carcinogenicity, and their regulatory status by health authorities.

Findings : The findings indicate that artificial sweeteners may lead to increased caloric intake and weight gain, while regulatory safety assessments remain divided, necessitating further large-scale studies to resolve ongoing disputes about their health implications.

Synthetic Lethality

Synthetic lethality in cancer therapies, NCBI, 2010

The study reviews the principles, utility, and methods for detecting synthetic lethality in human cells, particularly in the context of cancer therapies.

Method : The study synthesizes findings from genetic screens in organisms ranging from yeast to human cells to understand synthetic lethality and its applications in identifying drug mechanisms and potential cancer therapies.

Findings : Synthetic lethality presents a promising approach for identifying genetic vulnerabilities in cancer cells, highlighted by the success of PARP inhibitors in treating BRCA-mutant tumors, thus suggesting the potential for new classes of targeted cancer therapies.

Tai Chi

Jiang, Y.: Tai Chi for Health Benefits, PubMed, 2010

This study investigates the effects of Tai Chi on patients with rheumatoid arthritis, focusing on disease activity, physical function, health status, and personal experiences during exercise.

Method : The study involved 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who participated in Tai Chi sessions twice a week for 12 weeks. Data was collected via quantitative measures such as physical performance tests and qualitative feedback through focus group interviews after the intervention.

Findings : The results showed significant improvements in lower-limb muscle function and overall physical condition, confidence in movement, and reduced pain. Additionally, participants reported stress reduction, increased body awareness, and indicated that Tai Chi was a feasible exercise modality for managing their condition.

Sun, J.: Tai Chi for Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2017

The study examines the role of Tai Chi in improving health outcomes for cancer survivors.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review of existing literature on Tai Chi and its effects on physical and psychological health among cancer survivors, analyzing multiple randomized controlled trials and relevant studies.

Findings : The findings suggest that Tai Chi can improve physical fitness and psychological well-being in cancer survivors, showing high retention rates and potential benefits for cognitive function, although more robust and large-scale studies are needed to confirm these results.

Tai Chi/Qigong

Wang, C.: Tai Chi and Qigong for Quality of Life in Cancer Patients, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2016

This study investigates the effects of Qigong/Tai Chi on sleep disturbances and fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Method : The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, with participants assigned to either Qigong/Tai Chi, light exercise, or a wait-list control group. Sleep and fatigue were measured at various points during and after the radiotherapy treatment using validated questionnaires.

Findings : The Qigong/Tai Chi group showed improved sleep duration midway through treatment compared to the light exercise and control groups; however, this benefit was not sustained afterward and no significant differences in fatigue were observed between groups.

Tendon Injury

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Tendon Rupture Studies, PubMed, 2023

The study investigates the association between fluoroquinolone antibiotic use and the incidence of tendon injuries, particularly tendon ruptures and tendinopathy.

Method : The authors conducted a systematic review of observational studies by searching databases like MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify relevant studies focusing on tendon injury linked to fluoroquinolone use. They rated the quality of studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and summarized high-quality studies in detail.

Findings : The review found that exposure to fluoroquinolones is associated with an increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture, particularly within the first month of exposure, with odds ratios ranging from 1.1 to 7.1. Additionally, individuals over 60 and those taking fluoroquinolones along with corticosteroids were at higher risk for tendon injury.

Tendonitis

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Studies on Tendonitis and Levofloxacin, NCBI PMC, 2023

This study focuses on a case of Achilles tendinitis induced by the antibiotic levofloxacin in a healthy young adult without predisposing conditions.

Method : The study is a case report detailing the clinical presentation of a 20-year-old man who developed symptoms of Achilles tendinitis three days after starting levofloxacin treatment for pneumonia, including a thorough physical examination and follow-up after discontinuing the drug.

Findings : The patient’s symptoms of Achilles tendinitis improved rapidly after the discontinuation of levofloxacin, indicating a direct link between the medication and the tendon condition, thus highlighting potential risks associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Testicular Cancer

Loma Linda University Health Testicular Cancer, Loma Linda University Health

The study focuses on understanding testicular cancer, including its types, causes, and treatment options.

Method : The study employs a literature review and data analysis from patient cases to classify different types of testicular cancer and their behaviors.

Findings : Testicular cancer primarily arises from germ cells, with seminomas and nonseminomas being the main types. The study highlights that testicular cancer is highly treatable with a good prognosis, particularly when diagnosed early.

Testicular Inflammation Post-Injury, National Center for Biotechnology Information

This study examines an adult case of a pure yolk sac tumor of the testis, which is a rare type of testicular cancer, particularly in males over 20.

Method : The study involved a case report of a 30-year-old male with a history of cryptorchidism and indirect inguinal hernia, who underwent an inguinal exploration and radical orchiectomy. Post-operative examinations included histopathological analysis and serum marker evaluations (α-fetoprotein, lactate dehydrogenase, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin), along with imaging studies including CT and FDG-PET scans.

Findings : The findings indicated that the patient had a pure yolk sac tumor with multiple metastases, evident through elevated serum tumor markers and imaging scans. The case highlights the importance of considering yolk sac tumors in adult patients with testicular masses and recommends sperm cryopreservation prior to potential chemotherapy.

Testosterone Therapy

Miller, J.: Testosterone replacement therapy increases PSA levels: A study., PubMed, 2015

The impact of testosterone replacement therapy on PSA levels in men with hypogonadism.

Method : A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 studies involving 739 testosterone-treated patients compared to 385 control patients, focusing on changes in PSA levels pre- and post-treatment.

Findings : Testosterone replacement therapy was associated with higher PSA levels, particularly with intramuscular administration, but the increase was minimal and did not significantly elevate prostate cancer risk among treated men compared to controls.

Therapeutics

A.Z. Lentz: Prazosin: A Candid Therapeutic Option for Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, NCBI, 2012

The study examines the potential use of prazosin for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms, which commonly affect aging men.

Method : The study utilized a randomized clinical trial design, administering prazosin (0.5 mg twice daily) for 2 weeks, followed by a dose increase for another 2 weeks, comparing it with other alpha-adrenergic blockers like terazosin and tamsulosin while assessing symptom improvement.

Findings : Although prazosin showed some improvement in symptom scores compared to baseline, the overall efficacy and safety data were limited, making it insufficiently supported by current guidelines to recommend prazosin for BPH treatment.

Thermotherapy

Cioanta and Muschter: Water-induced thermotherapy study, PubMed, 2000

The study investigates the efficacy of water-induced thermotherapy (WIT) as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Method : Conducted as a multicenter clinical trial, the study involved 125 patients receiving WIT via the Thermoflex System, which uses heated water circulated through a catheter to deliver thermal energy to prostatic tissue, evaluated after a two-year follow-up.

Findings : Results indicated a significant improvement in peak urine flow by 87.4% and a 54.2% reduction in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), with excellent or good tolerance reported in 91.8% of procedures.

Trace Mineral

Not specified: Selenium: A Trace Mineral, NCBI

This study investigates the association between serum selenium levels and the risk of developing prostate cancer, examining both supportive and contradictory evidence from existing research.

Method : The researchers performed a meta-analysis of 17 studies identified through a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, including PubMed and Cochrane Library, assessing pooled odds ratios and conducting subgroup analyses to evaluate the relationship between serum selenium levels and prostate cancer risk.

Findings : The results of the meta-analysis indicated that higher serum selenium levels are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer, with a pooled odds ratio of 0.76, suggesting that increased selenium intake may reduce prostate cancer risk. However, the study noted the need for more rigorous cohort studies and randomized controlled trials to confirm these findings.

Traditional Medicine

Zhang X., et al.: Chinese Herb Astragalus Membranaceus for Treating Heart Failure, PubMed, 2010

The study investigates the effects of the Chinese herb Astragalus Membranaceus on cardiac function and serum TNF-alpha levels in chronic heart failure patients.

Method : Forty-five patients with chronic heart failure were randomly assigned to either a Chinese medicine group receiving Astragalus granule or a Western medicine group receiving standard treatment. Both groups were assessed for changes in cardiac function, TNF-alpha levels, and other measurements after two weeks of treatment.

Findings : The results indicated that the CM group experienced a greater reduction in TNF-alpha levels and a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and walking distance compared to the WM group, demonstrating Astragalus’s potential effectiveness in improving heart function in chronic heart failure.

Tumors

M W Stoller: A case of Leydig cell tumor in an adolescent with Klinefelter syndrome, Nature

The study discusses sex cord-stromal tumors in the ovary and testis, focusing on their morphology, diagnostic challenges, and clinical implications.

Method : The author reviewed existing literature and case studies, emphasizing the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of gonadal sex cord-stromal tumors, while comparing their presentation in both sexes.

Findings : There are significant similarities and differences between Sertoli cell tumors in the ovary and testis, with various subtypes exhibiting distinct clinical and pathological features; immunohistochemical findings play a critical role in diagnosis.

Ultrasound

NCBI: Ultrasound, NCBI

The study reviews ultrasounds’ role in diagnosing prostate conditions, particularly prostate cancer, highlighting new techniques and methods.

Method : The research synthetically analyses various ultrasound techniques such as transrectal ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and elastography to assess their efficacy in detecting prostate cancer and improving diagnosis over traditional methods.

Findings : The study concludes that advanced ultrasound techniques, especially contrast-enhanced and elastographic methods, significantly improve the detection rates of prostate cancer, allowing for better differentiation of cancerous tissues and potentially more effective treatment strategies.

NCBI: Color Ultrasound, NCBI

The study investigates the advancements in ultrasound techniques, specifically color Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, for the detection of prostate cancer.

Method : The study reviewed various ultrasound techniques including conventional gray-scale ultrasound, color Doppler, power Doppler, and elastography, evaluating their sensitivity and specificity for detecting prostate cancer through biopsy correlation.

Findings : The findings indicate that while conventional gray-scale ultrasound has limited sensitivity and specificity, the introduction of color Doppler and contrast-enhanced techniques improves cancer detection rates and may allow targeted biopsies, potentially redefining the standards for prostate cancer diagnosis.

Urethral Cancer

Petersen, J.T., et al.: Primary Urethral Carcinoma: A Review, PubMed, 2012

The study reviews primary urethral carcinoma, including its characteristics, treatment options, and management approaches.

Method : The authors conducted a review of existing literature, discussing the histology, anatomy, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and future directions of urethral cancer.

Findings : Urethral carcinoma is rare and associated with poor survival rates; treatment decisions largely rely on individual clinician experience and small case studies due to the disease’s varied natural history.

Urethral Pain

B. Y. Alhassan, et al.: Urethral Stricture: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment Options, PLOS ONE, 2020

The study investigates the treatment practices for Urethral Pain Syndrome (UPS) in women across clinics in Sweden, comparing current practices to those from a previous study conducted in 2006.

Method : A questionnaire was distributed to various clinics specializing in gynecology, urology, gynecological oncology, and venereology in Sweden in 2018. Data were collected and analyzed, allowing for a comparison to similar data collected in 2006.

Findings : The study found that there is a wide variety of treatment methods for UPS in Sweden, with most clinics using local corticosteroids and local estrogens as primary treatments. Despite the absence of a proven infection, antibiotics were frequently prescribed, indicating a need for evidence-based treatment protocols.

Urinalysis

L. M. Holloway: Cloudy urine: a review of the literature, National Institutes of Health, 2017

The study reviews sterile pyuria, which is a condition characterized by the presence of white blood cells in urine without an accompanying urinary tract infection (UTI). It examines causes, management pathways, and diagnostic challenges associated with sterile pyuria.

Method : The authors conducted a literature review to categorize causes of sterile pyuria into infectious and non-infectious origins, alongside guidelines for management and diagnostic strategies.

Findings : The study found that sterile pyuria can be due to a variety of factors including recent UTIs, infections like Chlamydia, systemic diseases, medication effects, and malignancies. A detailed clinical history and thorough examination are crucial for diagnosis, and often, further investigation is necessary to identify underlying causes.

J. Jones: Clinical significance of urine cloudiness, National Institutes of Health, 2020

The clinical significance of urine cloudiness and its relation to various pathophysiological conditions.

Method : A systematic review involving analysis of urine cloudiness and its diagnostic implications based on physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations of urine samples.

Findings : The study identified that urine cloudiness can be indicative of various medical conditions including urinary tract infections, dehydration, and the presence of substances such as proteins, lipids, or bacteria, thereby emphasizing the importance of urine appearance in diagnostic processes.

Urinary Catheters

Studies on Urinary Catheter Placement, PubMed

The study focuses on reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).

Method : An integrative review was conducted, updating a prior systematic review and performing a meta-analysis on interventions such as reminders or stop orders for catheter removal. Narrative reviews highlighted additional CAUTI prevention strategies like aseptic insertion and maintenance techniques.

Findings : The study identified 30 relevant studies, indicating that reminders and stop orders reduced CAUTI rates by 53% (p<0.001), while also showing a decrease in the duration of catheter use. No significant harm from these removal strategies was found, and antimicrobial catheters showed no significant benefit in preventing symptomatic CAUTIs.

Urinary Disorders

National Center for Biotechnology Information: Pumpkin Seed Oil for Urinary Disorders, NCBI, 2023

This study evaluates the effects of pumpkin seed oil extracted from Cucurbita maxima on urinary dysfunction, specifically overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, in human subjects.

Method : Forty-five volunteers with OAB symptoms were administered 10 grams of pumpkin seed oil daily for 12 weeks. Urinary function was assessed using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) at 6 and 12 weeks of treatment.

Findings : The study found that pumpkin seed oil significantly reduced the OABSS, indicating improvement in urinary function and symptoms associated with overactive bladder in the participants.

Urinary Function

N/A: Urinating Process, NCBI Books, N/A

The study focuses on the measurement of post-void residual volume (PVR) to evaluate bladder function and diagnose various urinary disorders.

Method : The study employs ultrasound techniques and urinary catheterization to measure PVR, comparing the accuracy and convenience of each method.

Findings : The findings suggest that while urinary catheterization is the gold standard for measuring PVR, portable bladder scanners provide a non-invasive and effective alternative, significantly reducing the time required for measurement.

Urinary Health

N/A: Urinary Tract Problems, BMJ Open Quality, N/A

The study focuses on reducing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in care homes by improving residents’ hydration practices to prevent dehydration, which is linked to higher UTI incidence.

Method : The intervention included implementing seven structured drink rounds each day in four care homes, along with staff training and awareness campaigns to improve hydration and monitor fluid intake.

Findings : The results indicated a 58% reduction in UTIs requiring antibiotics and a 36% reduction in UTIs leading to hospital admissions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the hydration-focused intervention.

NCBI: Urinary System, NCBI, N/A

The study investigates the diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of overactive bladder and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men in UK general practice.

Method : A retrospective analysis of medical records from The Health Improvement Network database was conducted, including data from over 1 million men aged 18 and above, collected between 2000 and 2006. The study analyzed the prevalence of LUTS and prescribing trends for various treatments.

Findings : The study found that the diagnosed prevalence of LUTS/OAB in 2006 was only 0.3%, with LUTS/BOO at 2.2%. Moreover, treatment rates were low; only 25% of men diagnosed with OAB received appropriate antimuscarinics, and many were under-treated despite available therapies.

S. W. Calais da Silva et al.: Alcohol consumption and lower urinary tract symptoms: results from the IN3 study, PubMed, 2015

This study investigates the longitudinal relationship between alcohol consumption and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men.

Method : The research utilized generalized estimating equations to analyze data from 9,712 men aged 30 and older who underwent multiple health evaluations over an average follow-up of 27.9 months, focusing on alcohol intake and LUTS.

Findings : Light-moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased likelihood of moderate-severe LUTS, while heavy consumption increased the risk, with these effects partially influenced by high-density lipoprotein levels.

Miguel A. G. da Silva: Hydration status and urinary tract infection: Common beliefs and facts, PubMed, 2004

The study examines the relationship between hydration status and the occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), addressing common misconceptions and examining the existing evidence.

Method : The study utilized a review of existing literature, analyzing both experimental studies from the 1960s and 70s as well as more recent clinical observations regarding fluid intake and its correlation with UTI incidence.

Findings : The findings indicate no definitive evidence linking fluid intake directly to UTI susceptibility; however, adequate hydration is important, as it may enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, underscoring the need for comprehensive host defense mechanisms rather than solely increasing fluid intake.

Andrew C. E. et al.: Vitamin C and the Urinary Tract: Significance of Urinary Acidity in Urinary Tract Infection, NCBI, 2013

The study investigates the role of Vitamin C in the prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) by focusing on urinary acidity.

Method : The study reviews clinical trials and existing literature regarding the use of Vitamin C and its effects on urine pH and bacterial growth, particularly in relation to Escherichia coli, which commonly causes UTIs.

Findings : Evidence suggests that Vitamin C can acidify urine, possibly reducing the risk of rUTIs; however, strong clinical evidence specifically supporting the use of Vitamin C in this context remains limited.

Not specified: Saw Palmetto for Overactive Bladder, NCBI

The study investigates the efficacy and safety of Saw Palmetto extract in mitigating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in Japanese women with overactive bladder (OAB).

Method : Seventy-six elderly women were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received either 320 mg of Saw Palmetto extract daily or a placebo for 12 weeks, and outcomes were assessed using validated questionnaires for urinary symptoms.

Findings : The study found that women treated with Saw Palmetto extract experienced a significant reduction in daytime frequency and nocturia compared to th